建立数据库连接
import (
"fmt"
_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
"gorm.io/driver/mysql"
"gorm.io/gorm"
"log"
)
var db *gorm.DB
func OpenDB() {
dsn := "root:adss123@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/go_db?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
res, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})
db = res
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Printf("成功:%v\n", db)
}
建立模型
type TestTb2 struct {
Username string
Password string
TestTb2User1ID uint
gorm.Model
}
GORM 提供了 First、Take、Last 方法,以便从数据库中检索单个对象。当查询数据库时它添加了 LIMIT 1 条件,且没有找到记录时,它会返回 ErrRecordNotFound 错误
// 获取第一条记录(主键升序)
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// 获取一条记录,没有指定排序字段
db.Take(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 1;
// 获取最后一条记录(主键降序)
db.Last(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;
result := db.First(&user)
result.RowsAffected // 返回找到的记录数
result.Error // returns error or nil
// 检查 ErrRecordNotFound 错误
errors.Is(result.Error, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound)
First 和 Last 会根据主键排序,分别查询第一条和最后一条记录。 只有在目标 struct 是指针或者通过 db.Model() 指定 模型时,该方法才有效。 此外,如果相关 模型没有定义主键,那么将按 模型的第一个字段进行排序。
测试案例如下:
struct指针的搜索函数:(只运行First方法)
func QueryOneRow(Any any) {
OpenDB()
first := db.First(Any)
if first.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("first查询失败,err:%v\n", first.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("first查询成功,结果为:%v\n", Any)
}
//last := db.Last(Any)
//if last.Error != nil {
// fmt.Printf("last查询失败,err:%v\n", last.Error)
//} else {
// fmt.Printf("last查询成功,结果为:%v\n", Any)
//}
//take := db.Take(Any)
//if take.Error != nil {
// fmt.Printf("take查询失败,err:%v\n", take.Error)
//} else {
// fmt.Printf("take查询成功,结果为:%v\n", Any)
//}
}
db.Model()指定的搜索(只运行Last方法)
result := map[string]interface{}{}
last := db.Model(&TestTb2{}).Last(&result)
if last.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("last查询失败,err:%v\n", last.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("last查询成功,结果为:%v\n", result)
}
未解决问题
当一个函数中利用结构体指针为目标同时调用Last与First时,查询结果相同,为先执行的方法结果。如:
func QueryOneRow(Any any) {
OpenDB()
first := db.First(Any)
if first.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("first查询失败,err:%v\n", first.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("first查询成功,结果为:%v\n", Any)
}
last := db.Last(Any)
if last.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("last查询失败,err:%v\n", last.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("last查询成功,结果为:%v\n", Any)
}
}
但db.Model()指定的模型为目标搜索时,此情况不会出现。如:
func QueryOneRow(Any any) {
OpenDB()
result := map[string]interface{}{}
first := db.Model(&TestTb2{}).First(&result)
if first.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("first查询失败,err:%v\n", first.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("first查询成功,结果为:%v\n", result)
}
last := db.Model(&TestTb2{}).Last(&result)
if last.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("last查询失败,err:%v\n", last.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("last查询成功,结果为:%v\n", result)
}
}
如果主键是数字类型,您可以使用 内联条件 来检索对象。
db.First(&user, 10)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;
db.First(&user, "10")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;
db.Find(&users, []int{1,2,3})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (1,2,3);
如果主键是字符串(例如像 uuid),查询将被写成这样:
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "1b74413f-f3b8-409f-ac47-e8c062e3472a")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = "1b74413f-f3b8-409f-ac47-e8c062e3472a";
实验案例如下:
func QueryOneRowById(Any any, id int) {
OpenDB()
take := db.Take(Any, id)
if take.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("take查询失败,err:%v\n", take.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("take查询成功,结果为:%v\n", Any)
}
}
特别地,当gorm.Model结构体中DeletedAt不为空时,搜索结果为:
利用Find方法可查询全部记录,
// Get all records
result := db.Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users;
result.RowsAffected // returns found records count, equals `len(users)`
result.Error // returns error
实验案例如下
func QueryManyRows(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
命令类似sql语句
// Get first matched record
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Get all matched records
db.Where("name <> ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu';
// IN
db.Where("name IN ?", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name IN ('jinzhu','jinzhu 2');
// LIKE
db.Where("name LIKE ?", "%jin%").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%jin%';
// AND
db.Where("name = ? AND age >= ?", "jinzhu", "22").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' AND age >= 22;
// Time
db.Where("updated_at > ?", lastWeek).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE updated_at > '2000-01-01 00:00:00';
// BETWEEN
db.Where("created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?", lastWeek, today).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2000-01-01 00:00:00' AND '2000-01-08 00:00:00';
语句规则和含义与 sql语句类似,不做过多解释。
实验案例如下:
=
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Where("username=?", "ylj").Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Where("username<>?", "ylj").Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Where("username IN ?", []string{"1", "2"}).Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Where("username LIKE ?", "%l%").Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;
// Slice of primary keys
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);
特别的,当使用结构体作为条件查询时,gorm只会查询非零值字段。如果字段的值为0,“”,false或其他零值,该字段不会被用于构建查询条件,例如:
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 0}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";
实验案例如下:
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
condition := TestTb2{Username: "1", Password: ""}
find := db.Where(condition).Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
查询到所有密码为"1"与为空的记录,证明Password字段没起到任何约束效果。
如果想要包含零值查询条件,可以使用map, 例如:
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"Name": "jinzhu", "Age": 0}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 0;
实验案例如下:
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"Username": "1", "Password": nil}).Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
平时操作时发现,在不定义默认值时,字符型字段在数据库默认值为nil,并非"",所以在建表时,设置默认值,避免后续出现bug
查询条件也可以被内联到First与Find之类的方法中,用法类似Where
// Get by primary key if it were a non-integer type
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "string_primary_key")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 'string_primary_key';
// Plain SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";
db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;
// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;
// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;
上文通过主键查询就利用内联条件方法。结果类似,不再做实验证明。
构建NOT条件,用法与where类似
db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT name = "jinzhu" ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Not In
db.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");
// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age <> 18 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Not In slice of primary keys
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3) ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
相当于where取否,不做过多证明。
db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';
// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2", Age: 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);
// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2", "age": 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);
Select 运行指定从数据库检索哪些字段,默认检索所有
db.Select("name", "age").Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;
db.Select([]string{"name", "age"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;
db.Table("users").Select("COALESCE(age,?)", 42).Rows()
// SELECT COALESCE(age,'42') FROM users;
** 实验案例如下**
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
condition := TestTb2{Username: "1", Password: "1"}
find := db.Where(condition).Select("username", "password").Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
上述结果,只有被选中的字段有值,其他均为默认值。
指定从数据库检索记录时的排序方式
db.Order("age desc, name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;
// Multiple orders
db.Order("age desc").Order("name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;
db.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
Expression: clause.Expr{SQL: "FIELD(id,?)", Vars: []interface{}{[]int{1, 2, 3}}, WithoutParentheses: true},
}).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY FIELD(id,1,2,3)
实验案例如下
其中着重测试存在两个Order时,执行排列的顺序
func QueryWithCondition(Any any) {
OpenDB()
find := db.Order("username,id desc").Find(Any)
if find.Error != nil {
fmt.Printf("find查询失败,err:%v\n", find.Error)
} else {
fmt.Printf("find查询成功,共查询到%v条\n", find.RowsAffected)
}
}
结果可以看出,先执行考前的Order,即username的顺序,当username相同时,执行靠后的Order,即Id的倒序。
Limit 指定获取记录的最大数量,Offset指定在开始返回记录之前要跳过的记录数量。
db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;
// Cancel limit condition with -1
db.Limit(10).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)
db.Offset(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;
db.Limit(10).Offset(5).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 5 LIMIT 10;
// Cancel offset condition with -1
db.Offset(10).Find(&users1).Offset(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)
在实现分页器的时候再着重实验
type result struct {
Date time.Time
Total int
}
db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Where("name LIKE ?", "group%").Group("name").First(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "group%" GROUP BY `name` LIMIT 1
db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Having("name = ?", "group").Find(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING name = "group"
rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
...
}
rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
...
}
type Result struct {
Date time.Time
Total int64
}
db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Scan(&results)
将结果扫描到一个结构中,工作方式与我们使用Find的方式类似。
type Result struct {
Name string
Age int
}
var result Result
db.Table("users").Select("name", "age").Where("name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)
// Raw SQL
db.Raw("SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)
gorm 还支持很多高级查询,本人作为初学者,再后续应用到时再经行学习。
子查询
子查询可以嵌套在查询中,GORM 允许在使用 *gorm.DB 对象作为参数时生成子查询
db.Where("amount > (?)", db.Table("orders").Select("AVG(amount)")).Find(&orders)
// SELECT * FROM "orders" WHERE amount > (SELECT AVG(amount) FROM "orders");
subQuery := db.Select("AVG(age)").Where("name LIKE ?", "name%").Table("users")
db.Select("AVG(age) as avgage").Group("name").Having("AVG(age) > (?)", subQuery).Find(&results)
// SELECT AVG(age) as avgage FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING AVG(age) > (SELECT AVG(age) FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "name%")
实验案例如下
表结构
type Test struct {
gorm.Model
InfoID int
Info Info
}
type Info struct {
gorm.Model
Age int
Sex string
UserID int
User User
}
type User struct {
gorm.Model
UserName string
CompanyID string
Company Company
}
func QueryBelongsto() {
OpenDB()
test := &Test{}
info := &Info{}
user := &User{}
db.Where("info_id=(?)", db.Select("id").Where("user_id=(?)", db.Select("id").Where("user_name=?", "y").Find(user)).First(info)).Preload("Info.User").Preload("Info").Find(test)
//db.Select("id").Where("user_name=?", "y").First(user)
//db.Select("id").Where("user_id=?", user.ID).Find(info)
//db.Where("info_id=?", info.ID).Preload("Info").Preload("Info.User").First(test)
fmt.Println(test)
}