本文参考教程:[尚硅谷2021版React技术全家桶]
本文上接:
[React学习笔记1(React概念)]
[React学习笔记2(React脚手架、组件通信与网络请求库)]
[React学习笔记3(React路由、Ant Design)]
文档:
Redux 是什么:
为什么用 Redux:
白话版流程:
【初始化是store自动调用。此时previousState是undefined;action的types是“@@redux/INTIxxx”,data为“
空”】
- 从 React Components[React组件] 开始,发送“action[动作对象]”给 Action Creators[动作创建器]
(1) action动作对象是包含type属性和data属性的Object对象,如{type:'increment', data: 1}
;或是函数(Redux 高级会细说)- Action Creators[动作创建器] 使用
dispatch(action)
函数,把action[动作对象]发送给 Store[仓库]- Store[仓库] 将
(previousState, action)
[之前的状态, 动作对象] 发送给 Reducers[归纳器] ,Reducers[归纳器] 计算完后返回newState[新状态]回 Store[仓库]- React Components[React组件] 从 Store[仓库] 获取处理完的新数据
action(一个需要的组件一个)
reducer(一个需要的组件一个)
store(唯一)
作用:创建包含指定reducer的store对象
作用:应用上基于redux的中间件(插件库)
作用:合并多个reducer函数
projectName/src/redux/constant.js:【放置容易写错的type值】
export const INCREMENT = 'increment' export const DECREMENT = 'decrement'
projectName/src/redux/store.js:【唯一的store定义】
// 引入createStore,专门用于创建redux中最为核心的store对象 import {createStore} from 'redux' // 引入为Count组件服务的reducer import countReducer from './count_reducer' // 暴露store export default createStore(countReducer)
projectName/src/redux/count_reducer.js:【定义count组件的reducer】
import {INCREMENT,DECREMENT} from './constant' const initState = 0 // 初始化状态 export default function countReducer(preState=initState,action){ // 从action对象中获取:type、data const {type,data} = action // 根据type决定如何加工数据 switch (type) { case INCREMENT: // 如果是加 return preState + data case DECREMENT: // 若果是减 return preState - data default: return preState } }
projectName/src/redux/count_action.js:【专门用于创建count组件的action对象】
import {INCREMENT,DECREMENT} from './constant' export const createIncrementAction = data => ({type:INCREMENT,data}) export const createDecrementAction = data => ({type:DECREMENT,data})
projectName/src/components/Count/index.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react' // 引入store,用于获取redux中保存状态 import store from '../../redux/store' // 引入actionCreator,专门用于创建action对象 import {createIncrementAction,createDecrementAction} from '../../redux/count_action' export default class Count extends Component { state = {vars: '其他不需要共享的变量'} // 加法 increment = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber store.dispatch(createIncrementAction(value*1)) } // 减法 decrement = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber store.dispatch(createDecrementAction(value*1)) } // 奇数再加 incrementIfOdd = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber const count = store.getState() if(count % 2 !== 0){ store.dispatch(createIncrementAction(value*1)) } } // 异步加 incrementAsync = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber setTimeout(()=>{ store.dispatch(createIncrementAction(value*1)) },500) } render() { return ( <div> <h1>当前求和为:{store.getState()}</h1> <select ref={c => this.selectNumber = c}> <option value="1">1</option> <option value="2">2</option> <option value="3">3</option> </select> <button onClick={this.increment}>+</button> <button onClick={this.decrement}>-</button> <button onClick={this.incrementIfOdd}>当前求和为奇数再加</button> <button onClick={this.incrementAsync}>异步加</button> </div> ) } }
projectName/src/index.js
import React from 'react' import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' import App from './App' import store from './redux/store' ReactDOM.render(<App/>,document.getElementById('root')) // 检测状态的改变,实时渲染页面 store.subscribe(()=>{ ReactDOM.render(<App/>,document.getElementById('root')) })
projectName/src/App.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react' import Count from './components/Count' export default class App extends Component { render() { return ( <div> <Count/> </div> ) } }
action[动作对象] 有两种格式:
- Object 对象(同步action):Action Creators返回一个对象,如
{type:'xxx', data: x}
- function 函数(异步action):Action Creators返回一个函数,函数中自定义操作
上面的demo 1.0中,在组件Count中实现了异步(延迟)发送action,这不够通用,下面流程说明在Action Creators中实现异步(延迟)发送action
yarn add redux-thunk
projectName/src/redux/store.js:【唯一的store定义】
// 引入createStore,专门用于创建redux中最为核心的store对象 import {createStore,applyMiddleware} from 'redux' // 引入为Count组件服务的reducer import countReducer from './count_reducer' // 引入redux-thunk,用于支持异步action import thunk from 'redux-thunk' // 暴露store export default createStore(countReducer, applyMiddleware(thunk))
projectName/src/redux/count_action.js:【专门用于创建count组件的action对象】
import {INCREMENT,DECREMENT} from './constant' // 同步action,就是指action的值为Object类型的一般对象 export const createIncrementAction = data => ({type:INCREMENT,data}) export const createDecrementAction = data => ({type:DECREMENT,data}) // 异步action,就是指action的值为函数,异步action中一般都会调用同步action,异步action不是必须要用的。 export const createIncrementAsyncAction = (data, time) => { return (dispatch)=>{ setTimeout(()=>{ dispatch(createIncrementAction(data)) }, time) } }
- UI组件
(1) 不能使用任何redux的api,只负责 UI 的呈现
(2) 通过props接收数据(一般数据和函数)
(3) 不使用任何 Redux 的 API
(4) 一般保存在components文件夹下
(5) UI组件可以放在容器组件的相同文件下,不写这么多文件,容易乱- 容器组件
(1) 负责和redux通信,将结果交给UI组件,不负责UI的呈现
(2) 使用 Redux 的 API
(3) 一般保存在containers文件夹下
优点:
<Provider store={store}>
<App />
</Provider>
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
connect(
mapStateToprops,
mapDispatchToProps
)(Counter)
const mapStateToprops = function (state) {
return {
value: state
}
}
connect(
state => ({key1:value}), // 映射状态
{key2:xxxxxAction} // 映射操作状态的方法
)(UI组件)
不变的文件夹(相对demo 1.0):
删除的文件夹:
代码:
projectName/src/containers/Count/index.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react' // 引入action import { createIncrementAction, createDecrementAction, createIncrementAsyncAction } from '../../redux/count_action' // 引入connect用于连接UI组件与redux import {connect} from 'react-redux' // 定义UI组件 class Count extends Component { state = {carName:'奔驰c63'} // 加法 increment = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber this.props.increment(value*1) } // 减法 decrement = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber this.props.decrement(value*1) } // 奇数再加 incrementIfOdd = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber if(this.props.count % 2 !== 0){ this.props.increment(value*1) } } // 异步加 incrementAsync = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber this.props.incrementAsync(value*1,500) } render() { return ( <div> <h1>当前求和为:{this.props.count}</h1> <select ref={c => this.selectNumber = c}> <option value="1">1</option> <option value="2">2</option> <option value="3">3</option> </select> <button onClick={this.increment}>+</button> <button onClick={this.decrement}>-</button> <button onClick={this.incrementIfOdd}>当前求和为奇数再加</button> <button onClick={this.incrementAsync}>异步加</button> </div> ) } } /** * 使用connect()()创建并暴露一个Count的容器组件 * * 第一个参数 * 1.mapStateToProps函数返回的是一个对象; * 2.返回的对象中的key就作为传递给UI组件props的key,value就作为传递给UI组件props的value * 3.mapStateToProps用于传递状态 * * 第二个参数 * 1.mapDispatchToProps函数返回的是一个对象; * 2.返回的对象中的key就作为传递给UI组件props的key,value就作为传递给UI组件props的value * 3.mapDispatchToProps用于传递操作状态的方法 */ export default connect( state => ({count:state}), // mapDispatchToProps的一般写法 /* dispatch => ({ jia:number => dispatch(createIncrementAction(number)), jian:number => dispatch(createDecrementAction(number)), jiaAsync:(number,time) => dispatch(createIncrementAsyncAction(number,time)), }) */ // mapDispatchToProps的简写(React-Redux对Redux中API的优化) { increment:createIncrementAction, decrement:createDecrementAction, incrementAsync:createIncrementAsyncAction, } )(Count)
projectName/src/index.js
import React from 'react' import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' import App from './App' import store from './redux/store' import {Provider} from 'react-redux' ReactDOM.render( /* Provider自动的将redux中的store给到需要的组件 */ <Provider store={store}> <App/> </Provider>, document.getElementById('root') )
npm install redux-devtools-extension --save
import {composeWithDevTools} from 'redux-devtools-extension'
const store = createStore(allReducer,composeWithDevTools(applyMiddleware(thunk)))
projectName/public/index.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <title>redux</title> </head> <body> <div id="root"></div> </body> </html>
projectName/src/index.js
import React from 'react' import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' import App from './App' import store from './redux/store' import {Provider} from 'react-redux' ReactDOM.render( /* 此处需要用Provider包裹App,目的是让App所有的后代容器组件都能接收到store */ <Provider store={store}> <App/> </Provider>, document.getElementById('root') )
projectName/src/App.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react' import Count from './containers/Count' // 引入的Count的容器组件 import Person from './containers/Person' // 引入的Person的容器组件 export default class App extends Component { render() { return ( <div> <Count/> <hr/> <Person/> </div> ) } }
projectName/src/redux/store.js
/** * 该文件专门用于暴露一个store对象,整个应用只有一个store对象 */ // 引入createStore,专门用于创建redux中最为核心的store对象 import {createStore,applyMiddleware} from 'redux' // 引入汇总之后的reducer import reducer from './reducers' // 引入redux-thunk,用于支持异步action import thunk from 'redux-thunk' // 引入redux-devtools-extension import {composeWithDevTools} from 'redux-devtools-extension' // 暴露store export default createStore(reducer,composeWithDevTools(applyMiddleware(thunk)))
projectName/src/redux/constant.js
/** * 该模块是用于定义action对象中type类型的常量值,目的只有一个:便于管理的同时防止程序员单词写错 */ export const INCREMENT = 'increment' export const DECREMENT = 'decrement' export const ADD_PERSON = 'add_person'
projectName/src/redux/actions/count.js
/** * 该文件专门为Count组件生成action对象 */ import {INCREMENT,DECREMENT} from '../constant' // 同步action,就是指action的值为Object类型的一般对象 export const increment = data => ({type:INCREMENT,data}) export const decrement = data => ({type:DECREMENT,data}) // 异步action,就是指action的值为函数,异步action中一般都会调用同步action,异步action不是必须要用的。 export const incrementAsync = (data,time) => { return (dispatch)=>{ setTimeout(()=>{ dispatch(increment(data)) }, time) } }
projectName/src/redux/actions/person.js
import {ADD_PERSON} from '../constant' // 创建增加一个人的action动作对象 export const addPerson = personObj => ({type:ADD_PERSON,data:personObj})
projectName/src/redux/reducers/count.js
/** * 1.该文件是用于创建一个为Count组件服务的reducer,reducer的本质就是一个函数 * 2.reducer函数会接到两个参数,分别为:之前的状态(preState),动作对象(action) */ import {INCREMENT,DECREMENT} from '../constant' const initState = 0 // 初始化状态 export default function countReducer(preState=initState,action){ // 从action对象中获取:type、data const {type,data} = action // 根据type决定如何加工数据 switch (type) { case INCREMENT: // 如果是加 return preState + data case DECREMENT: // 若果是减 return preState - data default: return preState } }
projectName/src/redux/reducers/person.js
import {ADD_PERSON} from '../constant' // 初始化人的列表 const initState = [{id:'001',name:'tom',age:18}] export default function personReducer(preState=initState,action){ const {type,data} = action switch (type) { case ADD_PERSON: // 若是添加一个人 // preState.unshift(data) //此处不可以这样写,这样会导致preState被改写了,personReducer就不是纯函数了。 return [data,...preState] default: return preState } }
projectName/src/redux/reducers/index.js
/** * 该文件用于汇总所有的reducer为一个总的reducer */ // 引入combineReducers,用于汇总多个reducer import {combineReducers} from 'redux' // 引入为Count组件服务的reducer import count from './count' // 引入为Person组件服务的reducer import persons from './person' // 汇总所有的reducer变为一个总的reducer(这里规定了store中的key) export default combineReducers({ count, persons })
容器代码:
projectName/src/contains/Count/index.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react' // 引入action import { increment, decrement, incrementAsync } from '../../redux/actions/count' // 引入connect用于连接UI组件与redux import {connect} from 'react-redux' // 定义UI组件 class Count extends Component { state = {carName:'奔驰c63'} // 加法 increment = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber this.props.increment(value*1) } // 减法 decrement = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber this.props.decrement(value*1) } // 奇数再加 incrementIfOdd = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber if(this.props.count % 2 !== 0){ this.props.increment(value*1) } } // 异步加 incrementAsync = ()=>{ const {value} = this.selectNumber this.props.incrementAsync(value*1,500) } render() { return ( <div> <h2>我是Count组件,下方组件总人数为:{this.props.persons}</h2> <h4>当前求和为:{this.props.count}</h4> <select ref={c => this.selectNumber = c}> <option value="1">1</option> <option value="2">2</option> <option value="3">3</option> </select> <button onClick={this.increment}>+</button> <button onClick={this.decrement}>-</button> <button onClick={this.incrementIfOdd}>当前求和为奇数再加</button> <button onClick={this.incrementAsync}>异步加</button> </div> ) } } // 使用connect()()创建并暴露一个Count的容器组件 export default connect( state => ({ count:state.count, personCount:state.persons.length }), {increment,decrement,incrementAsync} )(Count)
projectName/src/contains/Person/index.jsx
import React, { Component } from 'react' import {nanoid} from 'nanoid' import {connect} from 'react-redux' import {addPerson} from '../../redux/actions/person' class Person extends Component { addPerson = ()=>{ const name = this.nameNode.value const age = this.ageNode.value*1 const personObj = {id:nanoid(),name,age} this.props.addPerson(personObj) this.nameNode.value = '' this.ageNode.value = '' } render() { return ( <div> <h2>我是Person组件,上方组件求和为{this.props.count}</h2> <input ref={c=>this.nameNode = c} type="text" placeholder="输入名字"/> <input ref={c=>this.ageNode = c} type="text" placeholder="输入年龄"/> <button onClick={this.addPerson}>添加</button> <ul> { this.props.persons.map((p)=>{ return <li key={p.id}>{p.name}--{p.age}</li> }) } </ul> </div> ) } } export default connect( state => ({ persons:state.persons, count:state.count }), // 映射状态 {addPerson} // 映射操作状态的方法 )(Person)