python中shelf对象_shelve -- 用来持久化任意的Python对象

shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块,可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式

创建一个新的shelf

直接使用shelve.open()就可以创建了

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import shelve

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')

try:

s['key1'] = { 'int': 10, 'float':9.5, 'string':'Sample data' }

finally:

s.close()

如果想要再次访问这个shelf,只需要再次shelve.open()就可以了,然后我们可以像使用字典一样来使用这个shelf

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import shelve

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')

try:

existing = s['key1']

finally:

s.close()

print existing

当我们运行以上两个py,我们将得到如下输出:

$python shelve_create.py

$python shelve_existing.py

{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

dbm这个模块有个限制,它不支持多个应用同一时间往同一个DB进行写操作。所以当我们知道我们的应用如果只进行读操作,我们可以让shelve通过只读方式打开DB:

import shelve

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', flag='r')

try:

existing = s['key1']

finally:

s.close()

print existing

当我们的程序试图去修改一个以只读方式打开的DB时,将会抛一个访问错误的异常。异常的具体类型取决于anydbm这个模块在创建DB时所选用的DB。

写回(Write-back)

由于shelve在默认情况下是不会记录待持久化对象的任何修改的,所以我们在shelve.open()时候需要修改默认参数,否则对象的修改不会保存。

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import shelve

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')

try:

print s['key1']

s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'

finally:

s.close()

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)

try:

print s['key1']

finally:

s.close()

上面这个例子中,由于一开始我们使用了缺省参数shelve.open()了,因此第6行修改的值即使我们s.close()也不会被保存。

执行结果如下:

$python shelve_create.py

$python shelve_withoutwriteback.py

{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

所以当我们试图让shelve去自动捕获对象的变化,我们应该在打开shelf的时候将writeback设置为True。当我们将writeback这个flag设置为True以后,shelf将会将所有从DB中读取的对象存放到一个内存缓存。当我们close()打开的shelf的时候,缓存中所有的对象会被重新写入DB。

复制代码

import shelve

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)

try:

print s['key1']

s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'

print s['key1']

finally:

s.close()

s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)

try:

print s['key1']

finally:

s.close()

writeback方式有优点也有缺点。优点是减少了我们出错的概率,并且让对象的持久化对用户更加的透明了;但这种方式并不是所有的情况下都需要,首先,使用writeback以后,shelf在open()的时候会增加额外的内存消耗,并且当DB在close()的时候会将缓存中的每一个对象都写入到DB,这也会带来额外的等待时间。因为shelve没有办法知道缓存中哪些对象修改了,哪些对象没有修改,因此所有的对象都会被写入。

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$python shelve_create.py

$python shelve_writeback.py

{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

{'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

{'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

最后再来个复杂一点的例子:

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#!/bin/env python

import time

import datetime

import md5

import shelve

LOGIN_TIME_OUT = 60

db = shelve.open('user_shelve.db', writeback=True)

def newuser():

global db

prompt = "login desired: "

while True:

name = raw_input(prompt)

if name in db:

prompt = "name taken, try another: "

continue

elif len(name) == 0:

prompt = "name should not be empty, try another: "

continue

else:

break

pwd = raw_input("password: ")

db[name] = {"password": md5_digest(pwd), "last_login_time": time.time()}

#print '-->', db

def olduser():

global db

name = raw_input("login: ")

pwd = raw_input("password: ")

try:

password = db.get(name).get('password')

except AttributeError, e:

print "\033[1;31;40mUsername '%s' doesn't existed\033[0m" % name

return

if md5_digest(pwd) == password:

login_time = time.time()

last_login_time = db.get(name).get('last_login_time')

if login_time - last_login_time < LOGIN_TIME_OUT:

print "\033[1;31;40mYou already logged in at: \033[0m" % datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(last_login_time).isoformat()

db[name]['last_login_time'] = login_time

print "\033[1;32;40mwelcome back\033[0m", name

else:

print "\033[1;31;40mlogin incorrect\033[0m"

def md5_digest(plain_pass):

return md5.new(plain_pass).hexdigest()

def showmenu():

#print '>>>', db

global db

prompt = """

(N)ew User Login

(E)xisting User Login

(Q)uit

Enter choice: """

done = False

while not done:

chosen = False

while not chosen:

try:

choice = raw_input(prompt).strip()[0].lower()

except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):

choice = "q"

print "\nYou picked: [%s]" % choice

if choice not in "neq":

print "invalid option, try again"

else:

chosen = True

if choice == "q": done = True

if choice == "n": newuser()

if choice == "e": olduser()

db.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":

showmenu()

转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/frankzs/p/5949645.html

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