Python接口自动化测试流程及步骤1

目录

1)环境准备:

一、安装python

二、安装虚拟环境:

三、安装requests库:

四、http测试工具:

五、在本地搭建httpbin:

(2)requests.get()

一、看下方法定义:

二、get方法简单使用:

(3)requests.post()

一、方法定义:

二、post方法简单使用:

写在最后


1)环境准备:

  接口测试的方式有很多,比如可以用工具(jmeter,postman)之类,也可以自己写代码进行接口测试,工具的使用相对来说都比较简单,重点是要搞清楚项目接口的协议是什么,然后有针对性的进行选择,甚至当工具不太适合项目时需要自己进行开发。

  在我们项目的初期,我们采用的是jmeter进行接口测试,当时觉得这个工具上手简单,团队成员学习成本低,并且接口测试的脚本稍微调整一下还可以用来做性能测试。

  不过随着项目规模、团队人数的不断增长,渐渐的这个工具有适应不了当前项目的需求了,为此我们项目也重新开发了相关接口自动化的平台。但是,但是。。。可能是我让大家中毒太深,现在很多同学一提到接口测试关联到jmeter,为此,我深深感到不安。毕竟jmeter只是个工具,换个项目换个协议你是否还能玩转接口测试呢?session和cookie有什么区别?工具又是怎么实现的呢?

  比如session如何保存,接口依赖如何处理,case如何管理及执行顺序,测试数据如何管理等等题,这个过程也有助于我们更加深刻的理解接口测试和http协议。

  本文主要采用python语言,python中http协议接口相关的库有urllib,urllib2以及reqeusts库,这其中reqeusts库用来起来最方便,因此我也主要采用requests库来做http协议的接口测试。首先来看下需要哪些环境信息:

一、安装python

  mac下自带安装了python,这个不多说了。

二、安装虚拟环境:

我们在一台机器上可以安装多个python版本,为了使每个版本的环境相互不受干扰,可以安装虚拟环境,安装方法如下:

1、安装virtualenv:pip install virtualenv

2、新建名为venv的虚拟环境:virtualenv venv

3、进入新环境:source venv/bin/activate

4、退出:deactivate

三、安装requests库:

>>>pip install requests

ps:用python做http协议的接口测试会用到这个库。

四、http测试工具:

一个使用 Python + Flask 编写的 HTTP 请求和响应服务,该服务主要用于测试 HTTP 库。后续测试我们都基于这个网站。

http://httpbin.org

五、在本地搭建httpbin:

考虑到测试时要不断访问 httpbin 网站,请求过多担心被拉到黑名单,我们自己在本志搭建一套httpbin服务。

1、安装:pip install gunicorn

2、安装:pip install httpbin

3、启动:gunicorn httpbin:app

至此,环境搭建已经完毕,可以开始玩了~

(2)requests.get()

环境搭建好后,接下来我们先来了解一下requests的一些简单使用,主要包括:

  1. requests常用请求方法使用,包括:get,post
  2. requests库中的Session、Cookie的使用
  3. 其它高级部分:认证、代理、证书验证、超时配置、错误异常处理等。

本节首先来了解一下requests库中如何发送get请求:

一、看下方法定义:

1、到官方文档去了下requests.get()方法的定义,如下:

Python接口自动化测试流程及步骤1_第1张图片

2、点击右上角的【source】,看一下它的源码如下:

Python接口自动化测试流程及步骤1_第2张图片

看到最后一行return,get方法最后是通过调用 requests.request 方法实现的,其实在其它的请求方法如post,put,head,delete等方法都是调用的request方法,然后把请求方法的类型传递给request方法第一个参数。

3、HTTP协议是一个基于请求/响应模式的、无状态的,应用层协议。既然有请求,就有响应,来看下resquest中常用的响应信息:

Python接口自动化测试流程及步骤1_第3张图片

二、get方法简单使用:

1、不带参数的get:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#不带参数的get

import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
r = requests.get(url)
#response = r.json()

print type(r.text)
print (eval(r.text))

输出:

{
    'origin': '183.14.133.88',
    'headers': {
        'Connection': 'close',
        'Host': 'httpbin.org',
        'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip,
        deflate',
        'Accept': '*/*',
        'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.1'
    },
    'args': {
        
    },
    'url': 'http: //httpbin.org/get'
}

2、 带参数的get:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#带参数的get

import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
params = {"show_env":"1"}
r = requests.get(url=url,params=params)

print r.url

输出:

http://httpbin.org/get?show_env=1
{
    'origin': '183.14.133.88',
    'headers': {
        'X-Request-Id': 'ebe922b4-c463-4fe9-9faf-49748d682fd7',
        'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip,
        deflate',
        'X-Forwarded-Port': '80',
        'Total-Route-Time': '0',
        'Connection': 'close',
        'Connect-Time': '0',
        'Via': '1.1vegur',
        'X-Forwarded-For': '183.14.133.88',
        'Accept': '*/*',
        'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.1',
        'X-Request-Start': '1504755961007',
        'Host': 'httpbin.org',
        'X-Forwarded-Proto': 'http'
    },
    'args': {
        'show_env': '1'
    },
    'url': 'http: //httpbin.org/get?show_env=1'
}

3、带header的get:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}

r = requests.get(url)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
#response = r.json()
print (eval(r.text))['headers']['User-Agent']

输出:

test request headers

4、同时带参数和header:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}
params = {"show_env":"1"}

r = requests.get(url)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,params=params)

#response = r.json()
print (eval(r.text))['headers']['User-Agent']
print r.url

输出:

test request headers
http://httpbin.org/get?show_env=1

(3)requests.post()

一、方法定义:

1、到官方文档去了下requests.post()方法的定义,如下:

2、源码:

Python接口自动化测试流程及步骤1_第4张图片

3、常用返回信息:

Python接口自动化测试流程及步骤1_第5张图片

二、post方法简单使用:

1、带数据的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"
url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
data = {'key1':'value1','key2':'value2'}

r = requests.post(url,data=data)
#response = r.json()
print (r.text)

输出:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "key1": "value1", 
    "key2": "value2"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "23", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

2、带header的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}

# r = requests.post(url)
r = requests.post(url,headers=headers)
#response = r.json()

输出:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "0", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "test request headers"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

3、带json的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
data = {
    "sites": [
                { "name":"test" , "url":"www.test.com" },
                { "name":"google" , "url":"www.google.com" },
                { "name":"weibo" , "url":"www.weibo.com" }
    ]
}

r = requests.post(url,json=data)
# r = requests.post(url,data=json.dumps(data))
response = r.json()

输出:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "{\"sites\": [{\"url\": \"www.test.com\", \"name\": \"test\"}, {\"url\": \"www.google.com\", \"name\": \"google\"}, {\"url\": \"www.weibo.com\", \"name\": \"weibo\"}]}", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "140", 
    "Content-Type": "application/json", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": {
    "sites": [
      {
        "name": "test", 
        "url": "www.test.com"
      }, 
      {
        "name": "google", 
        "url": "www.google.com"
      }, 
      {
        "name": "weibo", 
        "url": "www.weibo.com"
      }
    ]
  }, 
  "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

4、带参数的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
params = {'key1':'params1','key2':'params2'}

# r = requests.post(url)
r = requests.post(url,params=params)
#response = r.json()
print (r.text)

输出:

{
"args": {
"key1": "params1",
"key2": "params2"
},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "0",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.14.133.88",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post?key2=params2&key1=params1"
}

5.普通文件上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#普通上传
files = {
            'file':open('test.txt','rb')
        }

r = requests.post(url,files=files)
print (r.text)

输出:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {
    "file": "hello world!\n"
  }, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "157", 
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=392865f79bf6431f8a53c9d56c62571e", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

6.定制化文件上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#自定义文件名,文件类型、请求头
files = {
        'file':('test.png',open('test.png','rb'),'image/png')
}

r = requests.post(url,files=files)
print (r.text)heman793

7.多文件上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#多文件上传
files = [
    ('file1',('test.txt',open('test.txt', 'rb'))),
    ('file2', ('test.png', open('test.png', 'rb')))
    ]

r = requests.post(url,files=files)
print (r.text)

8.流式上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])

#流式上传
with open( 'test.txt' ) as f:
    r = requests.post(url,data = f)

print (r.text)

输出:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "hello world!\n", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "13", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

写在最后

最后再唠唠一句,如果想以测试为长期发展职业目标,是需要时刻保持学习的,要使自己具备竞争力,无论你现在工作几年,只要行动起来,你就已经占优势了,好啦就到这里了,祝大家2022年能升职加薪,没入职的就早日拿到心仪公司的offer,事事顺遂。

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