oracle_rman备份数据库

数据库备份分为：

物理备份（physical backup）对数据库的物理文件备份，包括：数据文件、归档文件、控制文件等.(不关注数据库里面的东西表什么的) 

逻辑备份（logical backup）利用oracle的导出工具（data pump export）到处数据库的逻辑对象（如表，存储过程等）

把它们放在二进制文件中，当发生数据丢失时，导入导出的数据。逻辑被封会导致数据丢失，除非想备份历史数据，否则不要使用逻辑备份。

物理备份又分为：

    冷备份

         冷备份又叫脱机备份或者离线备份，数据库关闭下，对数据库进行备份，需要DBA备份所有数据文件，控制文件和重做日志文件。（关闭数据库，使用较少）

    热备份

         热备份又叫联机备份，指数据库运行时进行的备份，需要数据库运行在归档模式。

两种备份数据库工具：

     用户管理的备份与恢复（user-managed backup and recover）

     RMAN（恢复管理器）

逻辑备份：

    -exp/imp

    expdp/impdp

oracle恢复

    实例恢复（非正常关闭）自动

    介质恢复（）手动命令

数据恢复文件：Data files ;Redo log files;Control files

实例恢复(实例崩溃后进行的恢复)可以是自动的

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crosscheck backupset;

backup tablesapce users;//备份表空间

backup datafile 4;//备份文件

backup archivelog all;

//恢复表空间

restore tablespace test_backup;

recover tablespace test_backup;

RMAN：

有oracle enterprise manager（企业管理器）

1.通道（channel）

表示制定设备的一个数据流，一个通道对应一个服务器会话。

用户可以手动分配通道，如ALLOCATE CHANNEL c1 DEVICE TYPE sbt，也可以用CONFIGURE CHANNEL命令配置自动分配的通道。

Oracle的物理结构主要有三种文件。

.dbf数据文件，是用于存储数据库数据的文件，例如表中的记录，索引，数据字典信息等，可以通过系统数据字典DBA_DATA_FILES查看相关信息。与逻辑角度的表空间（并不是真正的文件）对应，一个表空间可以有多个数据文件，但一个数据文件只能属于一个表空间。

.log重做日志文件，用于记录对数据库的修改信息（查询操作不会产生）。日志文件是备份与恢复的重要手段。

.ctl控制文件，用于描述数据库的物理结构。存放有数据文件和日志文件等信息。

.ora参数文件，记录数据库名，控制文件路径、进程等信息。

上面三种文件任意一种出错，数据库都可能不能正常运行。参数文件可以修改数据库某些参数，但是需要重启数据库才生效。

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当数据库在ARCHIVELOG模式运行时归档重做日志的复制位置可以采用两种配置方法，实际上也可以同时采用两种方式。

第一种选择是配置ARVHIVELOG目标目录，第二种选择是配置oracle闪回恢复区（Flash Recover Area，FRA）。

create tablespace test_backup datafile '/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/test_backup.dbf' size 10m autoextend on;

create table test_backup (aa number,bb varchar2(10) ) tablespace test_backup;

insert into test_backup values (1,'test_back1');

alter tablespace test_backup begin backup;//beifenmoshi

select *from test_backup;

查看数据库有多少tablesapce

select * from dba_tablespaces;

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准备

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1/bin$ ./sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.1.0.2.0 Production on Mon Jul 4 13:52:17 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL> shutdown immediate;

ERROR:

ORA-01034: ORACLE not available

ORA-27101: shared memory realm does not exist

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3640

Additional information: -1046699685

Process ID: 0

Session ID: 0 Serial number: 0

SQL> startup mount;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 838860800 bytes

Fixed Size 2929936 bytes

Variable Size 578816752 bytes

Database Buffers 251658240 bytes

Redo Buffers 5455872 bytes

Database mounted.

SQL> alter database archivelog;

Database altered.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

查看

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/dbhome_1/bin$ ./rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon Jul 4 13:55:43 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1442990981)

RMAN> list backup

2> ;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

specification does not match any backup in the repository

RMAN> delete backup;

allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1

channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=63 device type=DISK

specification does not match any backup in the repository

RMAN> list backup;

specification does not match any backup in the repository

清空backupset

cd app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/

mkdir backupset

//cd backupset

//rm -rf *

备份

backup database;

查看

RMAN> list backup;

List of Backup Sets

===================

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

---

1 Full 1.15G DISK 00:00:24 08-JUL-16

    BP Key: 1   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20160708T130812

    Piece Name: /home/oracle/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2016_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20160708T130812_cqyf9wxo_.bkp

List of Datafiles in backup set 1

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---

1 Full 1911229 08-JUL-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_cpno29v4_.dbf

3 Full 1911229 08-JUL-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_cpno16o1_.dbf

4 Full 1911229 08-JUL-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_cpno3g6b_.dbf

6 Full 1911229 08-JUL-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_users_cpno3f1w_.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

---

2 Full 661.36M DISK 00:00:08 08-JUL-16

    BP Key: 2   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20160708T130812

    Piece Name: /home/oracle/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/backupset/2016_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20160708T130812_cqyfc06k_.bkp

List of Datafiles in backup set 2

Container ID: 3, PDB Name: ORACLP

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---

8 Full 1749265 22-JUN-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile/o1_mf_system_cpnojvwb_.dbf

9 Full 1749265 22-JUN-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_cpnojvwg_.dbf

10 Full 1749265 22-JUN-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile/o1_mf_users_cpnok9qm_.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

---

3 Full 660.27M DISK 00:00:11 08-JUL-16

    BP Key: 3   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20160708T130812

    Piece Name: /home/oracle/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/35DB3A4768B4262CE0530101007FCB17/backupset/2016_07_08/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20160708T130812_cqyfch93_.bkp

List of Datafiles in backup set 3

Container ID: 2, PDB Name: PDB$SEED

File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name

---

5 Full 1746799 22-JUN-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_cpno4f0o_.dbf

7 Full 1746799 22-JUN-16 /home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_cpno4dvz_.dbf

BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time

---

4 Full 17.20M DISK 00:00:00 08-JUL-16

    BP Key: 4   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20160708T130918

    Piece Name: /home/oracle/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/autobackup/2016_07_08/o1_mf_s_916664958_cqyfcywx_.bkp

SPFILE Included: Modification time: 08-JUL-16

SPFILE db_unique_name: ORCL

Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 1911257 Ckp time: 08-JUL-16

这时在backupset目录下会看到

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset$ ls

2016_07_04

RMAN> sql 'alter system archive log current';

sql statement: alter system archive log current

模拟删除数据文件

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL$ ls

35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9 controlfile datafile onlinelog

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL$ cd 35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9$ ls

datafile

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9$ cd datafile/

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile$ ls -ltr

total 825228

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 20979712 Jun 22 17:11 o1_mf_temp_cpnojvwh_.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 5251072 Jun 22 17:18 o1_mf_users_cpnok9qm_.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 262152192 Jun 22 17:18 o1_mf_system_cpnojvwb_.dbf

-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 576724992 Jun 22 17:18 o1_mf_sysaux_cpnojvwg_.dbf

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile$ rm -rf *.dbf

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile$ ls - ltr

ls: cannot access -: No such file or directory

ls: cannot access ltr: No such file or directory

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile$ ls -ltr

total 0

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile$ ls

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9/datafile$ cd ..

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/35DB5039BA0B2913E0530101007F2DF9$ cd ..

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL$ cd datafile/

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile$ ls

o1_mf_sysaux_cpno16o1_.dbf o1_mf_temp_cpno49xx_.tmp

o1_mf_sysaux_cpno4dvz_.dbf o1_mf_undotbs1_cpno3g6b_.dbf

o1_mf_system_cpno29v4_.dbf o1_mf_users_cpno3f1w_.dbf

o1_mf_system_cpno4f0o_.dbf pdbseed_temp012016-06-22_05-04-40-PM.dbf

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile$ rm -rf *.dbf

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile$ ls

o1_mf_temp_cpno49xx_.tmp

这个时候创建表格会报错

SQL> create table test_backup(aa varchar2(10));

create table test_backup(aa varchar2(10))

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1

ORA-01116: error in opening database file 1

ORA-01110: data file 1:

'/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_cpno29v4_.dbf'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

恢复

startup mount;

//还原数据文件

restore database;

//

RMAN> recover database;

Starting recover at 04-JUL-16

using channel ORA_DISK_1

starting media recovery

media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

Finished recover at 04-JUL-16

RMAN> alter database open;

Statement processed

备份完成后再测试

SQL> create table test_backup (AA NUMBER);

Table created.

这时到目录下查看，发现目录已经恢复

oracle@Linx:~/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile$ ls

o1_mf_sysaux_cqn0920y_.dbf o1_mf_temp_cpno49xx_.tmp

o1_mf_sysaux_cqn0b5k6_.dbf o1_mf_undotbs1_cqn0921n_.dbf

o1_mf_sysaux_cqn0bycj_.dbf o1_mf_users_cqn09238_.dbf

o1_mf_system_cqn09207_.dbf o1_mf_users_cqn0b5lp_.dbf

o1_mf_system_cqn0b5l6_.dbf pdbseed_temp012016-06-22_05-04-40-PM.dbf

o1_mf_system_cqn0bycw_.dbf

删除所有ORCL下文件

select * from table_1;

select * from table_1

          *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01116: error in opening database file 1

ORA-01110: data file 1:

'/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_cpno29v4_.dbf'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

SQL> create table test_backup(aa varchar2(10));

create table test_backup(aa varchar2(10))

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00604: error occurred at recursive SQL level 1

ORA-01116: error in opening database file 1

ORA-01110: data file 1:

'/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_cpno29v4_.dbf'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

rman会报错

./rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Fri Jul 8 09:57:05 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============

RMAN-00571: ===========================================================

RMAN-00554: initialization of internal recovery manager package failed

RMAN-06003: ORACLE error from target database:

ORA-00210: cannot open the specified control file

ORA-00202: control file: '/home/oracle/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/controlfile/o1_mf_cpno44mv_.ctl'

ORA-27041: unable to open file

Linux-x86_64 Error: 2: No such file or directory

Additional information: 3

ls

o1_mf_sysaux_cqyfxq1v_.dbf o1_mf_temp_cpno49xx_.tmp

o1_mf_sysaux_cqyfz46g_.dbf o1_mf_undotbs1_cqyfxq2p_.dbf

o1_mf_system_cqyfxpz4_.dbf o1_mf_users_cqyfxq3m_.dbf

o1_mf_system_cqyfz46r_.dbf pdbseed_temp012016-06-22_05-04-40-PM.dbf