除了数字 Python 还可以操作文本(由 str 类型表示,称为“字符串”)。 这包括字符 "!
", 单词 "rabbit
", 名称 "Paris
", 句子 "Got your back.
" 等等. "Yay! :)
"。 它们可以用成对的单引号 ('...'
) 或双引号 ("..."
) 来标示,结果完全相同 2。
>>>
>>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975'
要标示引号本身,我们需要对它进行“转义”,即在前面加一个 \
。 或者,我们也可以使用不同类型的引号:
>>>
>>> 'doesn\'t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> "\"Yes,\" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn\'t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.'
在 Python shell 中,字符串定义和输出字符串看起来可能不同。 print() 函数会略去标示用的引号,并打印经过转义的特殊字符,产生更为易读的输出:
>>>
>>> s = 'First line.\nSecond line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print(s) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line.
如果不希望前置 \
的字符转义成特殊字符,可以使用 原始字符串,在引号前添加 r
即可:
>>>
>>> print('C:\some\name') # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print(r'C:\some\name') # note the r before the quote C:\some\name
原始字符串还有一个微妙的限制:一个原始字符串不能以奇数个 \
字符结束;请参阅 此 FAQ 条目 了解更多信息及绕过的办法。
字符串字面值可以包含多行。 一种实现方式是使用三重引号:"""..."""
或 '''...'''
。 字符串中将自动包括行结束符,但也可以在换行的地方添加一个 \
来避免此情况。 参见以下示例:
print("""\ Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to """)
输出如下(请注意开始的换行符没有被包括在内):
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to
字符串可以用 +
合并(粘到一起),也可以用 *
重复:
>>>
>>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium'
相邻的两个或多个 字符串字面值 (引号标注的字符)会自动合并:
>>>
>>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python'
拼接分隔开的长字符串时,这个功能特别实用:
>>>
>>> text = ('Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.') >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.'
这项功能只能用于两个字面值,不能用于变量或表达式:
>>>
>>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "", line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> ('un' * 3) 'ium' File " ", line 1 ('un' * 3) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax
合并多个变量,或合并变量与字面值,要用 +
:
>>>
>>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python'
字符串支持 索引 (下标访问),第一个字符的索引是 0。单字符没有专用的类型,就是长度为一的字符串:
>>>
>>> word = 'Python' >>> word[0] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word[5] # character in position 5 'n'
索引还支持负数,用负数索引时,从右边开始计数:
>>>
>>> word[-1] # last character 'n' >>> word[-2] # second-last character 'o' >>> word[-6] 'P'
注意,-0 和 0 一样,因此,负数索引从 -1 开始。
除了索引操作,还支持 切片。 索引用来获取单个字符,而 切片 允许你获取子字符串:
>>>
>>> word[0:2] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word[2:5] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho'
切片索引的默认值很有用;省略开始索引时,默认值为 0,省略结束索引时,默认为到字符串的结尾:
>>>
>>> word[:2] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word[4:] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word[-2:] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on'
注意,输出结果包含切片开始,但不包含切片结束。因此,s[:i] + s[i:]
总是等于 s
:
>>>
>>> word[:2] + word[2:] 'Python' >>> word[:4] + word[4:] 'Python'
还可以这样理解切片,索引指向的是字符 之间 ,第一个字符的左侧标为 0,最后一个字符的右侧标为 n ,n 是字符串长度。例如:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
第一行数字是字符串中索引 0...6 的位置,第二行数字是对应的负数索引位置。i 到 j 的切片由 i 和 j 之间所有对应的字符组成。
对于使用非负索引的切片,如果两个索引都不越界,切片长度就是起止索引之差。例如, word[1:3]
的长度是 2。
索引越界会报错:
>>>
>>> word[42] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in IndexError: string index out of range
但是,切片会自动处理越界索引:
>>>
>>> word[4:42] 'on' >>> word[42:] ''
Python 字符串不能修改,是 immutable 的。因此,为字符串中某个索引位置赋值会报错:
>>>
>>> word[0] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word[2:] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File " ", line 1, in TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
要生成不同的字符串,应新建一个字符串:
>>>
>>> 'J' + word[1:] 'Jython' >>> word[:2] + 'py' 'Pypy'
内置函数 len() 返回字符串的长度:
>>>
>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len(s) 34
参见
文本序列类型 --- str
字符串是 序列类型 ,支持序列类型的各种操作。
字符串的方法
字符串支持很多变形与查找方法。
格式字符串字面值
内嵌表达式的字符串字面值。
格式字符串语法
使用 str.format() 格式化字符串。
printf 风格的字符串格式化
这里详述了用 %
运算符格式化字符串的操作。