尽管科技进步了，人类生存的一大威胁来源于低等生命形态。
Despite advances in technology, one of the biggest threats to human survival comes from primitive life forms.
传染病是由微生物引发的，比如细菌，病毒和寄生物。
Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.
这些生物没有受过教育也没有科学技术，但它们却对人类构成了巨大的威胁。
These organiams have no access to education or technology, but they presente a huge challenge to humanity.
这是因为它们有适应能力。
That's because they are adaptable.
正如适应能力帮助人类生存下来， 这种能力也是控制传染病变得更加困难。
Just as adaptability has helped humans survive, it makes it more difficult to control the infectious diseases.
条件变化后，造成这种疾病的生命体能适应并变得更强。
As conditions change, the organisms which causes this disease adapt and become stronger.
传染病有多种。
There are several kinds of infectious diseasees.
细菌感染, 例如肺炎, 是由细菌造成的。
Bacterial infections, such as pneumonia are caused by bacteria.
pneumonia [nuˈmoʊniə]
这种感染可以用抗生素治疗，能够杀死细菌。
Thess infections can be treated by antibiotics, which kill the bacteria.
病毒感染是有病毒引起的，例如流感病毒。
Viral infections are caused by viruses, such as the influenza virus.
这些感染有时可以通过疫苗来预防，例如流感疫苗。
These can sometimes be prevented by vaccines, such as the flu vaccine.
由寄生虫引发的感染的一个例子是疟疾。
An example of a parasitic infection is malaria.
疟疾是由被感染的蚊子传播给人类的寄生虫造成的。
Malaric is caused by parasites transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes.
一旦进入了体内，寄生虫就很难控制或者被杀灭。
once inside the body, the parasites can be difficult to kill or control.
当然这些寄生虫也是有适应能力的。
And of course these parasites are also adaptable.
传染病有多严重呢？
How serious are infectious diseases?
想想在1918年发生了什么， 那场大流感。
Consider what happened in 1918, the influenza pandemic.
它始于1918年的秋天，看起来不比一场普通感冒严重。
It started in the fall of 1918 with what seemed to be something no more serious than the common cold.
然而在接下去的两年内， 它感染了全球五分之一的人口。
In the next two years however, it infected a fifth of the world's population.
实际上，它成为了一场历史上最致命的传染，杀死了2000到4000万人。
In fact, it turned out to be the most deadly epidemic in history, killing between 20 and 40 million people.
引发它的流感病毒比以往的流感病毒要强。
The influenza virus that caused it was much stronger than previous influenza viruses.
它的致死率是2.5%， 相比于以往流感传染是0.1%。
Its mortality rate is 2.5% compared to 0.1% in previous influenza epidemics.
它发作很快毫不留情，有时候几小时内就使人死亡。
It struck quickly and without mercy, sometimes killng people within hours.
学校和生意在很多地方都关闭了，人们戴着口罩来防止病毒通过空气传播。
Schools and businesses closed in many places, and people wore masks to prevent transmission of the virus through the air.
这场传染不同寻常的是，它主要对20岁至40岁之间的人群更致命，而不是老年人和小孩。
What unusual about this pandemic was that it was mostly deadly for people aged 20 to 40, rather than the elderly and young children.
重点词扩展
primitive
1
ADJ-GRADED 原始的；远古的；未开化的Primitive means belonging to a society in which people live in a very simple way, usually without industries or a writing system.
...studies of primitive societies.
对原始社会的研究
...primitive tribes.
原始部落
2
ADJ-GRADED （动植物）原始的，低等的，进化初期的Primitive means belonging to a very early period in the development of an animal or plant.
...primitive whales...
原始鲸
Primitive humans needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals...
原始人必须要能作出这样的反应以逃避危险的动物。
3
ADJ-GRADED 古老的；简陋的If you describe something as primitive, you mean that it is very simple in style or very old-fashioned.
The conditions are primitive by any standards...
无论用什么标准来衡量，其条件都很简陋。
The primitive surgery of those days left him virtually deaf in one ear...
那时候简陋的外科手术让他一只耳朵几乎失聪。
微生物相近词辨析
microorganism 微生物
organism 生命体
germ
1
N-COUNT 细菌；病菌A germ is a very small organism that causes disease.
Chlorine is widely used to kill germs.
氯气被广泛用于杀菌。
...a germ that destroyed hundreds of millions of lives.
夺去了无数生命的细菌
2
N-SING 起源；发端；萌芽The germ of something such as an idea is something which developed or might develop into that thing.
The germ of an idea took root in Rosemary's mind...
罗斯玛丽心里萌生了一个念头。
This was the germ of a book.
这是一本书的源起。
bacteria
bacterial
virus
viral
parasite
parasitic
antibiotic
N-COUNT 抗生素；抗菌素Antibiotics are medical drugs used to kill bacteria and treat infections.
Your doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics.
你的医生可能会开一个疗程的抗生素。
The use of antibiotics is permitted only in extremis.
只有在万不得已的情况下才允许使用抗生素。
She was on antibiotics for an eye infection that wouldn't go away.
由于眼睛感染一直不见好，她在服用抗生素。
Antibiotics should be used to clear up the infection.
应该用抗生素消除感染。
Conclusions : The severe situation of antibiotic resistance caus for restrictied of misuse of antibiotics.
结论∶本地区常见致病菌耐药情况较严重,需合理使用和控制滥用抗生素.
Unfortunately, in the decades since then, the overuse of antibiotics has led to antibiotic - resistant superbugs.
不幸的是, 之后数十年间, 滥用抗生素已导致具抗药性的超级病菌出现.
Both eat without caution food, life - time service and abuse antibiotic bring intestine stomach discomfort on.
胡乱吃食物, 长期 使用和滥用抗生素引起肠胃不适.
epidemic
N-COUNT （疾病的）流行，传播If there is an epidemic of a particular disease somewhere, it affects a very large number of people there and spreads quickly to other areas.
1
A flu epidemic is sweeping through Moscow.
一场流感正席卷莫斯科。
...a killer epidemic of yellow fever.
致命的黄热病的流行
2
N-COUNT （坏事的）盛行，泛滥，猖獗
...an epidemic of serial killings...
连环杀人现象的猖獗
strike struck
vt.罢（工、课等）； 撞； 攻击； 来到
vi.罢工； 打击； 朝某一方向前进；
n.攻击； 罢工[课，市]； 发现；
1
N-COUNT 罢工When there is a strike, workers stop doing their work for a period of time, usually in order to try to get better pay or conditions for themselves.
French air traffic controllers have begun a three-day strike in a dispute over pay...
法国空中交通管制员因为薪资纠纷已开始了为期 3 天的罢工。
Staff at the hospital went on strike in protest at the incidents.
医院员工举行罢工，抗议这几起事件。
2
VERB 罢工When workers strike, they go on strike.
...their recognition of the workers' right to strike...
他们对工人罢工权的认同
They shouldn't be striking for more money...
他们不该为了得到更多的钱而罢工。
3
VERB 打;击If you strike someone or something, you deliberately hit them.
She took two quick steps forward and struck him across the mouth...
她向前紧走两步，上去扇了他一嘴巴。
He struck the ball straight into the hospitality tents...
他将球直接打进迎宾帐篷里。
4
VERB 撞;碰;撞击;碰撞If something that is falling or moving strikes something, it hits it.
His head struck the bottom when he dived into the 6ft end of the pool...
他一头扎进 6 英尺深的游泳池时头撞到池底了。
One 16-inch shell struck the control tower...
一枚 16 英寸的炮弹击中了指挥塔台。
5
V-ERG (使)撞击;(使)碰撞If you strike one thing against another, or if one thing strikes against another, the first thing hits the second thing.
Wilde fell and struck his head on the stone floor...
怀尔德摔倒了，头撞在石头地上。
My right toe struck against a submerged rock.
我的右脚趾踢到水下的一块石头上了。
6
VERB (疾病、灾难等)侵袭，爆发If something such as an illness or disaster strikes, it suddenly happens.
Bank of England officials continued to insist that the pound would soon return to stability but disaster struck...
英格兰银行官员仍然坚持说英镑不久就会恢复稳定，但结果灾难爆发了。
Both of them were afflicted with a rare genetic disease, which struck in their thirties...
他们两个都得了一种罕见的遗传病，这种病在他们30 多岁时发作。
7
VERB 突击;猛烈攻击To strike means to attack someone or something quickly and violently.
The attacker struck as she was walking near a housing estate at Monacurra...
她行走到莫纳卡拉的一个居民区附近时遭人攻击。
The killer says he will strike again...
凶手称他还会再次下手。
8
N-COUNT (军事)打击，攻击;(尤指)空袭A military strike is a military attack, especially an air attack.
...a punitive air strike.
惩罚性空袭
...a nuclear strike.
核武器攻击
9
VERB 直击(要害);与…起(原则性)冲突If something strikes at the heart or root of something, it attacks or conflicts with the basic elements or principles of that thing.
...a rejection of her core beliefs and values, which strikes at the very heart of her being...
对她的核心信念和价值观的否定，也就否定了她存在的根本
The issue strikes at the very foundation of our community.
该问题直指我们社会的根基。
10
VERB 突然想到，猛地意识到，一下子想起(想法或念头)If an idea or thought strikes you, it suddenly comes into your mind.
A thought struck her. Was she jealous of her mother, then?...
她猛地冒出一个念头：那么难道她在嫉妒母亲吗？
At this point, it suddenly struck me that I was wasting my time.
在这一刻，我突然意识到自己是在浪费时间。
11
VERB 给…印象;让…觉得If something strikes you as being a particular thing, it gives you the impression of being that thing.
He struck me as a very serious but friendly person...
他让我感觉他是一个十分严肃但友好的人。
What struck me as interesting is how much we judge other people by the clothes they wear...
让我觉得很有意思的是我们经常以衣取人。
12
VERB 打动;把…迷住If you are struck by something, you think it is very impressive, noticeable, or interesting.
She was struck by his simple, spellbinding eloquence...
她被他那率直、富有鼓动性的口才迷住了。
Theresa was struck by her own lack of forethought...
特蕾莎强烈意识到自己事先太欠考虑了。
13
V-RECIP 达成(交易或协议)If you strike a deal or a bargain with someone, you come to an agreement with them.
They struck a deal with their paper supplier, getting two years of newsprint on credit...
他们同纸张供应商达成协议，可赊购两年的新闻用纸。
The two struck a deal in which Rendell took half of what a manager would...
两个人达成协议，伦德尔获得相当于经理所得的一半。
14
VERB 达到(两全其美);找到(折中的办法)If you strike a balance, you do something that is halfway between two extremes.
At times like that you have to strike a balance between sleep and homework.
在这种情形下你得在休息和做作业之间找到一种平衡。
15
VERB 摆出(姿态);表现出(态度)If you strike a pose or attitude, you put yourself in a particular position, for example when someone is taking your photograph.
She struck a pose, one hand on her hip and the other waving an imaginary cigarette.
她摆了个姿势，一只手叉腰，另一只手夹着一支假想的香烟。
16
VERB 使感到(恐惧或惊慌)If something strikes fear into people, it makes them very frightened or anxious.
If there is a single subject guaranteed to strike fear in the hearts of parents, it is drugs.
如果只有一样东西定能让父母感到恐惧，那就是毒品。
17
VERB 使顿时(看不见或说不出)If you are struck dumb or blind, you suddenly become unable to speak or to see.
I was struck dumb by this and had to think it over for a moment...
这让我吃惊得说不出话来，我不得不仔细考虑一会儿。
For this revelation he was struck blind by the goddess Hera.
由于揭露此事，他被女神赫拉弄瞎了眼。
18
VERB (钟表)敲，鸣，报时When a clock strikes, its bells make a sound to indicate what the time is.
The clock struck nine...
钟敲了 9 下。
Finally, the clock strikes.
最后，钟敲响了。
19
VERB 删去;划掉If you strike words from a document or an official record, you remove them.
Strike that from the minutes...
从备忘录中将之删去。
Her achievements were struck from the record book.
她所取得的成就被从档案中删去了。
20
VERB 擦，划(火柴)When you strike a match, you make it produce a flame by moving it quickly against something rough.
Robina struck a match and held it to the crumpled newspaper in the grate.
罗比娜划着一根火柴去点壁炉里揉皱的报纸。
21
VERB 开采出;钻探到If someone strikes oil or gold, they discover it in the ground as a result of mining or drilling.
Hamilton Oil announced that it had struck oil in the Liverpool Bay area of the Irish Sea.
汉密尔顿石油公司宣布其已在爱尔兰海域的利物浦海湾地区开采出石油。
22
VERB 铸造(硬币、奖牌)When a coin or medal is struck, it is made.
Another medal was specially struck for him.
专门为他铸造了另一枚奖章。
23
N-COUNT 不利条件;挫折If someone has two strikes against them, things cause them to be in a bad situation or at a disadvantage.
The Hotel has two strikes against it. One, it's an immense ugly concrete building. Second, it lies in a rather awkward position...
该旅馆有两个缺点。其一，它是个非常难看的大型混凝土建筑。其二，它位于一个相当偏僻的地段。
When I got out I couldn't find any work, and for being an ex-con, that was a strike against me.
我出狱后找不到任何工作，曾经服过刑的身份对我很不利。
24
PHRASE 近在咫尺If you are within striking distance of something, or if something is within striking distance, it is quite near, so it could be reached or achieved quite easily.
I believe we are within striking distance of an agreement...
我相信我们即将达成协议。
The airport was within striking distance: no more than sixty miles to the west.
机场近在咫尺，西行不到 60 英里即到。
25
PHRASE 打开成功(或财富)之门;踏上通往成功(或财富)之路If you strike gold, you find, do, or produce something that brings you a lot of money or success.
The company has struck gold with its new holiday development, Center Parcs.
该公司凭借其新开发的“中央公园”度假村而赚了个盆满钵满。
26
PHRASE (尤指)暴富;发大财If you strike it rich, you make a lot of money, especially in a short time.
He hoped to strike it rich by investing in ginseng.
他希望通过投资人参发大财。