本文主要介绍 Linux "grep" 命令:用于查找文件里符合条件的字符串或正则表达式。
"grep" 命令的基本语法是:
grep [options] pattern [files]
pattern - 表示要查找的字符串或正则表达式。
files - 表示要查找的文件名,可以同时查找多个文件,如果省略 files 参数,则默认从标准输入中读取数据。
常用参数说明:
-c :
打印与模式匹配的行数;
-h :
显示匹配的行,但不显示文件名;
-i :
忽略字符大小写的差别;
-l :
只显示文件名列表;
-n :
显示匹配的行及其行号;
-v :
显示不包含匹配文本的所有行;
-e exp :
指定字符串作为查找文件内容的样式;
-f file :
指定规则文件,其内容含有一个或多个规则样式,让grep查找符合规则条件的文件内容,格式为每行一个规则样式;
-E :
将样式为延伸的正则表达式来使用;
-w :
显示全匹配整个单词;
-o :
只打印匹配行的匹配部分、每个匹配部分都在单独的输出行上;
-A n :
打印搜索行和结果后的 n 行;
-B n :
打印搜索行和结果前的 n 行;
-C n :
打印搜索行及其前后的 n 行;
备注: 示例文本文件:text.txt
root@dev:~/linux# cat > text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
learn operating system.
Unix linux which one you choose.
uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(1)不区分大小写搜索
通过 -i
选项,可以在给定文件中搜索不区分大小写的字符串。例如:匹配 "UNIX"、"Unix"、"unix "等词。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -i "UNix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
Unix linux which one you choose.
uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(2)显示匹配次数
找出与给定字符串/模式匹配的行数。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -c "unix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2
(3)显示与模式匹配的文件名
只需显示包含给定字符串/模式的文件即可。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -l "unix" *
或者
root@dev:~/linux# grep -l "unix" text.txt text1.txt text2.txt
输出:
text.txt
(4)检查文件中的整个字符串
默认情况下,grep 会匹配给定的字符串/模式,即使该字符串/模式在文件中是子串。grep 的 -w
选项使其只匹配整个单词。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -w "unix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(5)只显示匹配的模式默认情况下,grep 会显示匹配字符串的整行。我们可以使用 -o
选项让 grep 只显示匹配的字符串。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -o "unix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
(6)使用 grep -n
输出时显示行号
显示匹配行的文件行号。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -n "unix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1:unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
4:uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(7)反向模式匹配
使用 -v
选项可以显示与指定搜索字符串模式不匹配的行。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -v -n "unix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2:learn operating system.
3:Unix linux which one you choose.
(8)匹配以字符串开头的行
^
正则表达式指定一行的开头。在 grep 中使用它可以匹配以给定字符串或正则匹配开头的行。
root@dev:~/linux# grep "^unix" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
(9)匹配以字符串结尾的行
$
正则表达式指定一行的结尾。在 grep 中可以使用它来匹配以给定字符串或正则表达式结尾的行。
root@dev:~/linux# grep "labs.$" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
(10)使用 -e
选项指定表达式
使用 -e
选项指定表达式,可多次使用。
root@dev:~/linux# grep -e "unix" -e "great" -e "os" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
Unix linux which one you choose.
uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(11)-f
文件选项 查找符合规则条件的文件内容,格式为每行一个规则样式
root@dev:~/linux# cat > pattern.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix
learn
root@dev:~/linux# grep -f pattern.txt text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
learn operating system.
uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(12)打印文件中的 n 个特定行
-A
打印搜索到的行和结果之后的 n 行,-B
打印搜索到的行和结果之前的 n 行,-C
打印搜索到的行和结果之后及之前的 n 行。
语法:
$grep -A[NumberOfLines(n)] [search] [file]
$grep -B[NumberOfLines(n)] [search] [file]
$grep -C[NumberOfLines(n)] [search] [file]
-A
示例:
root@dev:~/linux# grep -A1 great text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
learn operating system.
root@dev:~/linux# grep -A2 great text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
learn operating system.
Unix linux which one you choose.
-B
示例:
root@dev:~/linux# grep -B1 choose text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
learn operating system.
Unix linux which one you choose.
root@dev:~/linux# grep -B2 choose text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
unix is great os. unix was developed in Bell labs.
learn operating system.
Unix linux which one you choose.
-C
示例:
root@dev:~/linux# grep -C1 choose text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
learn operating system.
Unix linux which one you choose.
uNix is easy to learn.unix is a multiuser os.Learn unix .unix is a powerful.
(13)目录中递归搜索
-R
指定目录下所有文件中递归搜索。
语法:
grep -R [Search] [directory]
示例:
root@dev:~/linux# grep -iR operating /root
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Binary file /root/proxy-agent.v0.6.tar matches
/root/get-docker.sh: echo "ERROR: Unsupported operating system 'macOS'"
Binary file /root/frontend.tar matches
/root/linux/text.txt:learn operating system.
-i
不区分大小写搜索字符串;
-R
递归检查目录中的所有文件;
(14)-E
正则表达式
root@dev:~/linux# grep -E "^[A-Z][a-z]" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Unix linux which one you choose.
(15)-o
输出文件中匹配到的部分
root@dev:~/linux# grep -o -E "[A-Z]" text.txt
-------------------------------------------------------------------
B
U
N
L