2.1 mkdir：创建目录
创建目录：mkdir new_dir
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# mkdir new_dir
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# ls
new_dir
2.2 rm：删除文件/ 目录
- 删除文件/空目录：rm file/directory
- 删除包含文件或文件夹的目录：rm -rf directory
- 删除日志文件：rm *log
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# cd new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home/sigai/new_dir# vim new_file
root@Eternal:/home/sigai/new_dir# cd ..
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# rm new_dir/
rm: cannot remove 'new_dir/': Is a directory
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# rm -rf new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# ls
root@Eternal:/home/sigai#
2.3 mv：移动文件/目录
- 移动文件：mv source_file destination_file
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# mv /home/sigai/new_dir/new_file /home/sigai/
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# ls
new_dir new_file
- 移动目录：mv source_dir destination_dir
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# mv /home/sigai/new_file /home/sigai/new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# mv /home/sigai/new_dir/ /home/
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# cd ..
root@Eternal:/home# ls
baselines new_dir sigai
- 复制目录：cp -r source_dir destination_dir
root@Eternal:/home# cd new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# ls
new_file
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# cd ..
root@Eternal:/home# cp new_dir/ sigai/
cp: omitting directory 'new_dir/'
root@Eternal:/home# cp -r new_dir/ sigai/
root@Eternal:/home# cd sigai
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# ls
new_dir
2.4 cd：切换目录
- 切换至指定文件夹：cd dir_path
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# cd /home/
root@Eternal:/home#
- 切换至
home文件夹：cd or cd ~
root@Eternal:/home# cd
root@Eternal:~#
- 切换至上个工作目录
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# cd
root@Eternal:~# cd -
/home/sigai
- 切换至上级目录
root@Eternal:~# cd ..
root@Eternal:/#
- 显示当前工作路径
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# pwd
/home/sigai
2.5 ls：列出目录项
- 显示当前目录下的文件：ls
root@Eternal:/home/sigai# cd ..
root@Eternal:/home# ls
baselines new_dir sigai
- 安装时间排序，以列表形式显示当前目录项：ls -lrt
root@Eternal:/home# ls -lrt
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:15 new_dir
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 03:18 siga
在.bashrc 将常用命令设置别名，方便实用，比如使用 lsl 代替 ls -lrt ，在 .bashrc 中添加：
alias lsl='ls -lrt'
alias lm='ls -al|more'
设置完成后，看直接使用别名：
root@Eternal:/home# ls -lrt
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:15 new_dir
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 03:18 sigai
root@Eternal:/home# lsl
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:15 new_dir
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 03:18 sigai
root@Eternal:/home# ls -al|more
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:16 .
drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:45 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:15 new_dir
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 03:18 sigai
root@Eternal:/home# lm
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:16 .
drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:45 ..
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 03:15 new_dir
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 03:18 sigai
2.6 find / locate：查找文件或目录
- 查找指定目录下的文件：find dir -name "file_name or dir_name" | xargs file
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "sigai" | xargs file
./sigai: directory
root@Eternal:/home# find -name "sigai"
./sigai
root@Eternal:/home# cd ..
root@Eternal:/# find -name "sigai"
./run/sudo/ts/sigai
./home/sigai
root@Eternal:/# find "sigai"
find: ‘sigai’: No such file or directory
root@Eternal:/# find -name "sigai"
./run/sudo/ts/sigai
./home/sigai
root@Eternal:/#cd home
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name 'new_dir'
./sigai/new_dir
./new_dir
- 递归删除当前目录及子目录的文件：find ./ -name "file_name" -exec rm {} ;
root@Eternal:/home# cp -r /home/siagi/new_dir /
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "new_file"
./sigai/new_dir/new_file
./new_dir/new_file
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "new_file" -exec rm {} \;
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "new_file"
root@Eternal:/home#
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name 'new_dir'
./sigai/new_dir
./new_dir
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "new_dir" -exec rm -r {} \;
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "new_dir"
root@Eternal:/home#
- 另一种查找方式，查找方式根据索引查找，相对较快，但需要更新索引库：locate
root@Eternal:/home# cp -r /new_dir/ /home/
root@Eternal:/home# cp -r /home/new_dir/ /home/sigai/
root@Eternal:/home# find ./ -name "new_dir"
./sigai/new_dir
./new_dir
root@Eternal:/home# locate "new_dir"
root@Eternal:/home# ls
baselines new_dir sigai
root@Eternal:/home# clear
root@Eternal:/home# updatedb
root@Eternal:/home# locate new_dir
/new_dir
/home/new_dir
/home/new_dir/new_file
/home/sigai/new_dir
/home/sigai/new_dir/new_file
/new_dir/new_file
root@Eternal:/home#
2.7 cat：查看文件
- 带行号查看文件：cat -n file_name
root@Eternal:/home# cd new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# cat -n new_file
1 This is a new file.
- 按页查看文件：ls -al | more file_name
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# ls -al | more new_file
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:16 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:16 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Nov 2 04:16 new_file
--More--(Next file: new_file)
::::::::::::::
new_file
::::::::::::::
This is a new file.
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir#
- 显示前10行：head -10 file_name
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# head -10 new_file
This is a new file.
- 查看文件倒数第几行：tail -n file_name
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# tail -5 new_file
This is a new file.
- 比较文件：diff file_1 file_2
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# diff new_file old_file
1c1
< This is a new file.
---
> This is a old file.
2.8 egrep：查找文件
- 查找文件内容：egrep 'content' file_name
root@Eternal:/home# egrep 'old' new_dir/old_file
This is a old file.
- 查找文件内容，并输出到指定文件：egrep 'content' file_name > find_content_file
root@Eternal:/home# egrep 'old' new_dir/old_file > find_file_content
root@Eternal:/home# cat find_file_content
This is a old file.
2.9 chown/chmod：更改文件/目录的用户权限与使用权限
- 更改目录用户权限
root@Eternal:/home# ls -lrt
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 04:16 sigai
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:29 new_dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Nov 2 04:39 find_file_content
root@Eternal:/home# chown -R sigai new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home# ls -lrt
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 04:16 sigai
drwxr-xr-x 2 sigai root 4096 Nov 2 04:29 new_dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Nov 2 04:39 find_file_content
root@Eternal:/home# chown -R root new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home# ls -lrt
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 04:16 sigai
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:29 new_dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Nov 2 04:39 find_file_content
root@Eternal:/home# su sigai
sigai@Eternal:/home$ chown -R root new_dir/
chown: changing ownership of 'new_dir/old_file': Operation not permitted
chown: changing ownership of 'new_dir/new_file': Operation not permitted
chown: changing ownership of 'new_dir/': Operation not permitted
- 更改文件权限
root@Eternal:/home# chmod a+x new_dir/new_file
root@Eternal:/home# cd new_dir/
root@Eternal:/home/new_dir# ll
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 sigai root 4096 Nov 2 04:29 ./
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:39 ../
-rwxr-xr-x 1 sigai root 20 Nov 2 04:16 new_file*
-rw-r--r-- 1 sigai root 20 Nov 2 04:29 old_file
2.10 ln：给文件增加别名
- 硬链接：ln file link_file
硬链接在源文件删除后，链接仍能使用，
root@Eternal:/home# ln new_dir/new_file link_new
root@Eternal:/home# ls
baselines find_file_content new_dir sigai link_new
- 软链接：ln -s file soft_link_file
root@Eternal:/home# ln -s new_dir/new_file soft_link_new
root@Eternal:/home# ll
total 24
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 2 05:11 ./
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:10 ../
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Nov 2 04:39 find_file_content
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 05:10 new_dir/
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 04:16 sigai/
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Nov 2 05:11 soft_link_new -> new_dir/new_file
root@Eternal:/home# rm new_dir/new_file
root@Eternal:/home# ll
total 24
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 2 05:11 ./
drwxr-xr-x 27 root root 4096 Nov 2 04:10 ../
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 27 2019 baselines/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Nov 2 04:39 find_file_content
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 2 05:11 new_dir/
drwxr-xr-x 3 sigai sigai 4096 Nov 2 04:16 sigai/
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Nov 2 05:11 soft_link_new -> new_dir/new_file
root@Eternal:/home# cat soft_link_new
cat: soft_link_new: No such file or directory
硬链接只能用于文件，不能用于目录；软链接可以为目录建链接。
2.11 > / >>：管道和重定向
- 批处理命令执行：|
- 串联使用分号：;
- 前面成功，则执行后面一条，否则，不执行:&&
- 前面失败，则后一条执行: ||
root@Eternal:/home# ls /proc && echo suss! || echo failed
1 14639 29 378 56 824 diskstats mtrr
10 14642 291 380 57 828 dma net
1089 15 3 384 58 843 driver pagetypeinfo
1091 16 30 386 5879 850 execdomains partitions
1092 17 3117 390 59 857 fb sched_debug
1093 170 3118 391 60 861 filesystems schedstat
1094 18 3137 392 61 868 fs scsi
1095 1820 3138 397 62 887 interrupts self
11 1867 3165 4181 63 895 iomem slabinfo
1132 19 3166 4182 64 897 ioports softirqs
1134 2 318 4251 65 8973 irq stat
1135 20 3184 4254 66 9 kallsyms swaps
12 21 3185 443 67 907 kcore sys
1207 22 3199 45 68 95 keys sysrq-trigger
1297 22044 320 46 69 96 key-users sysvipc
13 23 3200 47 7 989 kmsg thread-self
137 2354 321 48 70 acpi kpagecgroup timer_list
138 258 3231 49 71 asound kpagecount timer_stats
139 26721 3232 5 72 buddyinfo kpageflags tty
14 27 3266 50 73 bus loadavg uptime
140 27065 3267 51 74 cgroups locks version
142 27357 3327 52 7439 cmdline mdstat version_signature
143 2776 3328 5204 75 consoles meminfo vmallocinfo
144 2777 3574 53 76 cpuinfo misc vmstat
145 28 3578 54 8 crypto modules zoneinfo
146 2836 367 55 81 devices mounts
suss!
等价于 if...;then...;else...;fi
root@Eternal:/home# if ls /proc; then echo suss; else echo fail; fi
1 14642 3 380 58 850 fb schedstat
10 15 30 384 5879 857 filesystems scsi
1089 16 3117 386 59 861 fs self
1091 17 3118 390 60 868 interrupts slabinfo
1092 170 3137 391 61 887 iomem softirqs
1093 18 3138 392 62 895 ioports stat
1094 1820 3165 397 63 897 irq swaps
1095 1867 3166 4181 64 8973 kallsyms sys
11 19 318 4182 65 9 kcore sysrq-trigger
1132 2 3184 4251 66 907 keys sysvipc
1134 20 3185 4254 67 95 key-users thread-self
1135 21 3199 443 68 96 kmsg timer_list
12 22 320 45 69 989 kpagecgroup timer_stats
1207 22044 3200 46 7 acpi kpagecount tty
1297 23 321 47 70 asound kpageflags uptime
13 2354 3231 48 71 buddyinfo loadavg version
137 258 3232 49 72 bus locks version_signature
138 26721 3266 5 73 cgroups mdstat vmallocinfo
139 27 3267 50 74 cmdline meminfo vmstat
14 27065 3327 51 7439 consoles misc zoneinfo
140 27357 3328 52 75 cpuinfo modules
142 2776 3574 5204 76 crypto mounts
143 2777 3579 53 8 devices mtrr
144 28 3584 54 81 diskstats net
145 2836 3588 55 824 dma pagetypeinfo
146 29 367 56 828 driver partitions
14639 291 378 57 843 execdomains sched_debug
suss
- 将标准输入输出重定向至文件：ls proc/*.c &> list
root@Eternal:/home# ls proc/*.c &> list
root@Eternal:/home# ls
baselines find_file_content list new_dir sigai soft_link_new
root@Eternal:/home# cat list
ls: cannot access 'proc/*.c': No such file or directory
清空文件：: > file_name
root@Eternal:/home# :> list
root@Eternal:/home# cat list
root@Eternal:/home#
重定向：>>
root@Eternal:/home# cat new_dir/old_file -n >> list
root@Eternal:/home# cat list
1 This is a old file.
2.12 Bash 快捷键
- Ctl-U 删除光标到行首的所有字符,在某些设置下,删除全行
- Ctl-W 删除当前光标到前边的最近一个空格之间的字符
- Ctl-H backspace,删除光标前边的字符
- Ctl-R 匹配最相近的一个文件，然后输出
参考
- 文件及目录管理
- 硬链接，软链接，拷贝的区别