由化脓性链球菌引起的扁桃体咽炎

君君老师

在门诊工作中,孩子生病时候的症状多种多样,包括发热、咳嗽、流涕、腹泻等,但进入诊室的第一时间,医生最关注的是孩子的精神状态,然后基本检查包括心肺听诊,咽部看诊,后续才是医生选择性的查体项目。

为什么咽部看诊必不可少呢?因为人类需要一直呼吸才能生存,病菌很多时候存在空气微粒中,而咽部就好比是病菌进入人体的入口,就像一座城堡的大门,也是一道屏障,如果大门受到攻击,就代表可能存在病菌在入侵,所以咽部看诊是儿科看诊的必备项目。


那么问题来了,什么是化脓性链球菌引起的扁桃体炎?有什么表现?有那些危害?

化脓性扁桃体炎如何治疗?

为什么我的孩子十次生病九次都是扁桃体化脓,那么需要如何处理吗?


由化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)[也称为A组链球菌(group A streptococcus, GAS)]引起的扁桃体咽炎。表现急性起病的咽痛、扁桃体渗出、颈部淋巴结肿大伴触痛和发热,2-5日内自行缓解。咽痛持续超过1周通常不是GAS性扁桃体咽炎。

图片发自App

病原体主要通过飞沫、直接接触等途径传入,平时可隐藏在扁桃体小窝内,当机体因劳累、受凉或其他原因而致抵抗力减弱时,病原体可迅速繁殖而引起发病。

危害:化脓性并发症(如扁桃体周围脓肿、颈淋巴结炎和乳突炎)非化脓性并发症 ( 急性风湿热,肾小球肾炎和A组链球菌相关性儿童自身免疫性神经精神疾病)(pediatric autoimmuneneuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococci, PANDAS)


治疗时机:

GAS性咽炎的自然病程中,潜伏期为2-4日。即使不进行抗生素治疗,发热和全身症状通常也会在3-4日内缓解【11】研究发现,与在发病后2日内接受安慰剂的患者相比,接受青霉素治疗的患者出现临床改善的时间最多可早48小时【2-6】

在起病后2日内开始抗生素治疗对迅速缓解症状最有效【2-6】。通过包含至少9-11日青霉素给药的注射方案,GAS根除和AFR一级预防得到了优化。如果在症状出现后9日内开始,则抗生素治疗有助于预防风湿热[8]。

急性风湿热是GAS性咽炎的一种非化脓性并发症,抗生素治疗对减少其发生非常有用。抗生素治疗对于减少肾小球肾炎和A组链球菌相关性儿童自身免疫性神经精神疾病(pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococci, PANDAS)综合征这两种非化脓性并发症的作用尚不明确[7]。

7岁以下儿童患链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎的风险似乎最大。尽管抗生素治疗对ARF的一级预防有效,但是对GAS性扁桃体咽炎的患者而言,抗生素能否有效预防链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎尚不清楚。

有人担心早期治疗可能抑制宿主的抗体应答,从而增加咽炎复发的风险。在一项纳入142例疑诊GAS性咽炎儿童的研究中,在首次就诊时给予青霉素治疗的患儿,感染复发的发生率高于治疗延迟了至少48小时的患儿(前一类患者的复发感染率是后一类的8倍)[9]。

但是,大多数GAS性扁桃体咽炎病例并不需要延迟治疗。延迟治疗对于经常复发的轻至中度感染患者可能有用,可容许机体产生针对感染菌株的免疫力而又不增加ARF的风险。延迟至症状出现后9日给予抗生素治疗仍然有助于预防风湿热(尽管预防化脓性并发症的有效性可能降低)[12]。然而,如果患者病情严重或者当高毒力或致风湿源性菌株在社区内活跃流行时,不应考虑该方法。抗生素治疗24小时后患者不再有传染性[14]

治疗药物:

儿童患者时,经常用阿莫西林替代口服青霉素,因为阿莫西林混悬液的口感比青霉素好。一些数据表明口服阿莫西林略优于青霉素,很可能是由于前者的胃肠道吸收更好[44,45]。阿莫西林对1/3的常见中耳炎病原体有活性,而中耳炎儿童(特别是小于4岁的儿童)有高达15%合并GAS性扁桃体咽炎。

不能完成10日口服疗程或风湿热风险增高的患者,例如既往有风湿性心脏病史和/或生活环境拥挤的患者,可肌内注射单剂苄星青霉素。

在儿童中,首选药物为含有90万U苄星青霉素和30万U普鲁卡因青霉素的复方制剂(即长效西林/普鲁卡因)。

已经证实头孢菌素类较青霉素具有更高的微生物学治愈率及临床治愈率;这些差异在儿童中较成人中更显著,一些临床医师倾向于用第一代头孢菌素作为儿童的一线治疗药物。然而,第二代和第三代头孢菌素可能促进抗生素耐药性的产生,不支持将其作为一线治疗。

对青霉素过敏的患者,在无危及生命的青霉素过敏反应史时可使用头孢菌素类(头孢呋辛、头孢泊肟、头孢地尼及头孢曲松)[18,21-27];后几代头孢菌素与青霉素不太可能出现交叉反应[22,26,27]。因耐药率可能高达20%,根据当地的耐药情况,青霉素过敏患者可选用大环内酯类(阿奇霉素、克拉霉素或红霉素)


为什么扁桃体炎容易复发呢?疗程短,没有根除链球菌。

疗程— 尽管患者通常在治疗的最初几日内就可得到临床改善,但一般情况下,为达到咽部GAS的最大根除率,口服抗生素的常规疗程为10日。治疗3日后停用青霉素,复发的可能性比治疗7日后停药高(50% vs 34%)】9,11,12】

文献资料:

1,Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2009; 119:1541.

2,Randolph MF, Gerber MA, DeMeo KK, Wright L. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis. J Pediatr 1985; 106:870.

3,Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Talpey WB, et al. Adverse and beneficial effects of immediate treatment of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6:635.

4,Krober MS, Bass JW, Michels GN. Streptococcal pharyngitis. Placebo-controlled double-blind evaluation of clinical response to penicillin therapy. JAMA 1985; 253:1271.

5,Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; :CD000023.

6,Gilbert GG, Pruitt BE. School health education in the United States. Hygie 1984; 3:10.

7,Potter EV, Svartman M, Mohammed I, et al. Tropical acute rheumatic fever and associated streptococcal infections compared with concurrent acute glomerulonephritis. J Pediatr 1978; 92:325.

8,CATANZARO FJ, STETSON CA, MORRIS AJ, et al. The role of the streptococcus in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever. Am J Med 1954; 17:749.

9,DENNY FW, WANNAMAKER LW, BRINK WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of the preceding streptococcic infection. J Am Med Assoc 1950; 143:151.

10,Snellman LW, Stang HJ, Stang JM, et al. Duration of positive throat cultures for group A streptococci after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Pediatrics 1993; 91:1166.

11,BRINK WR, RAMMELKAMP CH Jr, DENNY FW, WANNAMAKER LW. Effect in penicillin and aureomycin on the natural course of streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Am J Med 1951; 10:300.

12,WANNAMAKER LW, RAMMELKAMP CH Jr, DENNY FW, et al. Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever by treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection with various amounts of depot penicillin. Am J Med 1951; 10:673.

13,Derrick CW, Dillon HC. Erythromycin therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1976; 130:175.

14,Bachand RT Jr. A comparative study of clarithromycin and penicillin VK in the treatment of outpatients with streptococcal pharyngitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27 Suppl A:75.

15,Still JG, Hubbard WC, Poole JM, et al. Comparison of clarithromycin and penicillin VK suspensions in the treatment of children with streptococcal pharyngitis and review of currently available alternative antibiotic therapies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12:S134.

16,Hooton TM. A comparison of azithromycin and penicillin V for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Med 1991; 91:23S.

17,Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Higher dosages of azithromycin are more effective in treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1748.

18,Gerber MA, Spadaccini LJ, Wright LL, et al. Twice-daily penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139:1145.

19,Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1279.

20,Gopichand I, Williams GD, Medendorp SV, et al. Randomized, single-blinded comparative study of the efficacy of amoxicillin (40 mg/kg/day) versus standard-dose penicillin V in the treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1998; 37:341.

21,Curtin-Wirt C, Casey JR, Murray PC, et al. Efficacy of penicillin vs. amoxicillin in children with group A beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2003; 42:219.

22,Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics 2005; 115:1048.

23,Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporins versus penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1526.

24,Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children. Pediatrics 2004; 113:866.

25,Bisno AL. Are cephalosporins superior to penicillin for treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis? Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1535.

26,Shulman ST, Gerber MA. So what's wrong with penicillin for strep throat? Pediatrics 2004; 113:1816.

27,Gerber MA, Tanz RR, Kabat W, et al. Potential mechanisms for failure to eradicate group A streptococci from the pharynx. Pediatrics 1999; 104:911.

你可能感兴趣的:(由化脓性链球菌引起的扁桃体咽炎)