1、使用 Spring 框架
2、反射机制
IoC 控制反转 Inverse of Control 创建对象的权限,Java 程序中需要用到的对象不再由程序员自己创建,而是交给 IoC 容器来创建。
1、pom.xml
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servletgroupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-apiartifactId>
<version>4.0.1version>
dependency>
dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.pluginsgroupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-pluginartifactId>
<version>3.8.1version>
<configuration>
<source>1.8source>
<target>1.8target>
<encoding>UTF-8encoding>
configuration>
plugin>
plugins>
build>
<packaging>warpackaging>
2、创建 Servlet
package com.southwind.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/hello")
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.getWriter().write("Spring");
}
}
3、部署到 Tomcat
4、Servlet、Service、Dao
当需求发生变更的时候,可能需要频繁修改 Java 代码,效率很低,如何解决?
静态工厂
package com.southwind.factory;
import com.southwind.dao.HelloDao;
import com.southwind.dao.impl.HelloDaoImpl;
public class BeanFactory {
public static HelloDao getDao(){
return new HelloDaoImpl();
}
}
private HelloDao helloDao = BeanFactory.getDao();
上述的方式并不能解决我们的问题,需求发生改变的时候,仍然需要修改代码,怎么做到
不改 Java 代码,就可以实现实现类的切换呢?
外部配置文件的方式
将具体的实现类写到配置文件中,Java 程序只需要读取配置文件即可。
XML、YAML、Properties、JSON
1、定义外部配置文件
helloDao=com.southwind.dao.impl.HelloDaoImpl
2、Java 程序读取这个配置文件
package com.southwind.factory;
import com.southwind.dao.HelloDao;
import com.southwind.dao.impl.HelloDaoImpl;
import com.southwind.dao.impl.HelloDaoImpl2;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.Properties;
public class BeanFactory {
private static Properties properties;
static {
properties = new Properties();
try {
properties.load(BeanFactory.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("factory.properties"));
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static Object getDao(){
String value = properties.getProperty("helloDao");
//反射机制创建对象
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName(value);
Object object = clazz.getConstructor(null).newInstance(null);
return object;
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
}
3、修改 Service
private HelloDao helloDao = (HelloDao) BeanFactory.getDao();
Spring IoC 中的 bean 是单例
package com.southwind.factory;
import com.southwind.dao.HelloDao;
import com.southwind.dao.impl.HelloDaoImpl;
import com.southwind.dao.impl.HelloDaoImpl2;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
public class BeanFactory {
private static Properties properties;
private static Map<String,Object> cache = new HashMap<>();
static {
properties = new Properties();
try {
properties.load(BeanFactory.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("factory.properties"));
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static Object getDao(String beanName){
//先判断缓存中是否存在bean
if(!cache.containsKey(beanName)){
synchronized (BeanFactory.class){
if(!cache.containsKey(beanName)){
//将bean存入缓存
//反射机制创建对象
try {
String value = properties.getProperty(beanName);
Class clazz = Class.forName(value);
Object object = clazz.getConstructor(null).newInstance(null);
cache.put(beanName, object);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
return cache.get(beanName);
}
}
1、private HelloDao helloDao = new HelloDaoImpl();
2、private HelloDao helloDao = (HelloDao)BeanFactory.getDao("helloDao");
1、强依赖/紧耦合,编译之后无法修改,没有扩展性。
2、弱依赖/松耦合,编译之后仍然可以修改,让程序具有更好的扩展性。
自己放弃了创建对象的权限,将创建对象的权限交给了 BeanFactory,这种将控制权交给别人的思想,就是控制反转 IoC。
XML 和注解,XML 已经被淘汰了,目前主流的是基于注解的方式,Spring Boot 就是基于注解的方式。
package com.southwind.spring.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Data
@Component("myOrder")
public class Order {
@Value("xxx123")
private String orderId;
@Value("1000.0")
private Float price;
}
package com.southwind.spring.entity;
import lombok.Data;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Data
@Component
public class Account {
@Value("1")
private Integer id;
@Value("张三")
private String name;
@Value("22")
private Integer age;
@Autowired
@Qualifier("order")
private Order myOrder;
}
package com.southwind.spring.test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//加载IoC容器
ApplicationContext applicationContext = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext("com.southwind.spring.entity");
String[] beanDefinitionNames = applicationContext.getBeanDefinitionNames();
System.out.println(applicationContext.getBeanDefinitionCount());
for (String beanDefinitionName : beanDefinitionNames) {
System.out.println(beanDefinitionName);
System.out.println(applicationContext.getBean(beanDefinitionName));
}
}
}
手写代码的思路:
1、自定义一个 MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext,构造器中传入要扫描的包。
2、获取这个包下的所有类。
3、遍历这些类,找出添加了 @Component 注解的类,获取它的 Class 和对应的 beanName,封装成一个 BeanDefinition,存入集合 Set,这个机会就是 IoC 自动装载的原材料。
4、遍历 Set 集合,通过反射机制创建对象,同时检测属性有没有添加 @Value 注解,如果有还需要给属性赋值,再将这些动态创建的对象以 k-v 的形式存入缓存区。
5、提供 getBean 等方法,通过 beanName 取出对应的 bean 即可。
代码实现
package com.southwind.myspring;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class BeanDefinition {
private String beanName;
private Class beanClass;
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Autowired {
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Component {
String value() default "";
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.*;
public class MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext {
private Map<String,Object> ioc = new HashMap<>();
private List<String> beanNames = new ArrayList<>();
public MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext(String pack) {
//遍历包,找到目标类(原材料)
Set<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions = findBeanDefinitions(pack);
//根据原材料创建bean
createObject(beanDefinitions);
//自动装载
autowireObject(beanDefinitions);
}
public void autowireObject(Set<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions){
Iterator<BeanDefinition> iterator = beanDefinitions.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
BeanDefinition beanDefinition = iterator.next();
Class clazz = beanDefinition.getBeanClass();
Field[] declaredFields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
for (Field declaredField : declaredFields) {
Autowired annotation = declaredField.getAnnotation(Autowired.class);
if(annotation!=null){
Qualifier qualifier = declaredField.getAnnotation(Qualifier.class);
if(qualifier!=null){
//byName
try {
String beanName = qualifier.value();
Object bean = getBean(beanName);
String fieldName = declaredField.getName();
String methodName = "set"+fieldName.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase()+fieldName.substring(1);
Method method = clazz.getMethod(methodName, declaredField.getType());
Object object = getBean(beanDefinition.getBeanName());
method.invoke(object, bean);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}else{
//byType
}
}
}
}
}
public Object getBean(String beanName){
return ioc.get(beanName);
}
public String[] getBeanDefinitionNames(){
return beanNames.toArray(new String[0]);
}
public Integer getBeanDefinitionCount(){
return beanNames.size();
}
public void createObject(Set<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions){
Iterator<BeanDefinition> iterator = beanDefinitions.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
BeanDefinition beanDefinition = iterator.next();
Class clazz = beanDefinition.getBeanClass();
String beanName = beanDefinition.getBeanName();
try {
//创建的对象
Object object = clazz.getConstructor().newInstance();
//完成属性的赋值
Field[] declaredFields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
for (Field declaredField : declaredFields) {
Value valueAnnotation = declaredField.getAnnotation(Value.class);
if(valueAnnotation!=null){
String value = valueAnnotation.value();
String fieldName = declaredField.getName();
String methodName = "set"+fieldName.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase()+fieldName.substring(1);
Method method = clazz.getMethod(methodName,declaredField.getType());
//完成数据类型转换
Object val = null;
switch (declaredField.getType().getName()){
case "java.lang.Integer":
val = Integer.parseInt(value);
break;
case "java.lang.String":
val = value;
break;
case "java.lang.Float":
val = Float.parseFloat(value);
break;
}
method.invoke(object, val);
}
}
//存入缓存
ioc.put(beanName, object);
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public Set<BeanDefinition> findBeanDefinitions(String pack){
//1、获取包下的所有类
Set<Class<?>> classes = MyTools.getClasses(pack);
Iterator<Class<?>> iterator = classes.iterator();
Set<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions = new HashSet<>();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
//2、遍历这些类,找到添加了注解的类
Class<?> clazz = iterator.next();
Component componentAnnotation = clazz.getAnnotation(Component.class);
if(componentAnnotation!=null){
//获取Component注解的值
String beanName = componentAnnotation.value();
if("".equals(beanName)){
//获取类名首字母小写
String className = clazz.getName().replaceAll(clazz.getPackage().getName() + ".", "");
beanName = className.substring(0, 1).toLowerCase()+className.substring(1);
}
//3、将这些类封装成BeanDefinition,装载到集合中
beanDefinitions.add(new BeanDefinition(beanName, clazz));
beanNames.add(beanName);
}
}
return beanDefinitions;
}
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileFilter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.JarURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
public class MyTools {
public static Set<Class<?>> getClasses(String pack) {
// 第一个class类的集合
Set<Class<?>> classes = new LinkedHashSet<Class<?>>();
// 是否循环迭代
boolean recursive = true;
// 获取包的名字 并进行替换
String packageName = pack;
String packageDirName = packageName.replace('.', '/');
// 定义一个枚举的集合 并进行循环来处理这个目录下的things
Enumeration<URL> dirs;
try {
dirs = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResources(packageDirName);
// 循环迭代下去
while (dirs.hasMoreElements()) {
// 获取下一个元素
URL url = dirs.nextElement();
// 得到协议的名称
String protocol = url.getProtocol();
// 如果是以文件的形式保存在服务器上
if ("file".equals(protocol)) {
// 获取包的物理路径
String filePath = URLDecoder.decode(url.getFile(), "UTF-8");
// 以文件的方式扫描整个包下的文件 并添加到集合中
findClassesInPackageByFile(packageName, filePath, recursive, classes);
} else if ("jar".equals(protocol)) {
// 如果是jar包文件
// 定义一个JarFile
System.out.println("jar类型的扫描");
JarFile jar;
try {
// 获取jar
jar = ((JarURLConnection) url.openConnection()).getJarFile();
// 从此jar包 得到一个枚举类
Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jar.entries();
findClassesInPackageByJar(packageName, entries, packageDirName, recursive, classes);
} catch (IOException e) {
// log.error("在扫描用户定义视图时从jar包获取文件出错");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return classes;
}
private static void findClassesInPackageByJar(String packageName, Enumeration<JarEntry> entries, String packageDirName, final boolean recursive, Set<Class<?>> classes) {
// 同样的进行循环迭代
while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
// 获取jar里的一个实体 可以是目录 和一些jar包里的其他文件 如META-INF等文件
JarEntry entry = entries.nextElement();
String name = entry.getName();
// 如果是以/开头的
if (name.charAt(0) == '/') {
// 获取后面的字符串
name = name.substring(1);
}
// 如果前半部分和定义的包名相同
if (name.startsWith(packageDirName)) {
int idx = name.lastIndexOf('/');
// 如果以"/"结尾 是一个包
if (idx != -1) {
// 获取包名 把"/"替换成"."
packageName = name.substring(0, idx).replace('/', '.');
}
// 如果可以迭代下去 并且是一个包
if ((idx != -1) || recursive) {
// 如果是一个.class文件 而且不是目录
if (name.endsWith(".class") && !entry.isDirectory()) {
// 去掉后面的".class" 获取真正的类名
String className = name.substring(packageName.length() + 1, name.length() - 6);
try {
// 添加到classes
classes.add(Class.forName(packageName + '.' + className));
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
// .error("添加用户自定义视图类错误 找不到此类的.class文件");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
}
private static void findClassesInPackageByFile(String packageName, String packagePath, final boolean recursive, Set<Class<?>> classes) {
// 获取此包的目录 建立一个File
File dir = new File(packagePath);
// 如果不存在或者 也不是目录就直接返回
if (!dir.exists() || !dir.isDirectory()) {
// log.warn("用户定义包名 " + packageName + " 下没有任何文件");
return;
}
// 如果存在 就获取包下的所有文件 包括目录
File[] dirfiles = dir.listFiles(new FileFilter() {
// 自定义过滤规则 如果可以循环(包含子目录) 或则是以.class结尾的文件(编译好的java类文件)
@Override
public boolean accept(File file) {
return (recursive && file.isDirectory()) || (file.getName().endsWith(".class"));
}
});
// 循环所有文件
for (File file : dirfiles) {
// 如果是目录 则继续扫描
if (file.isDirectory()) {
findClassesInPackageByFile(packageName + "." + file.getName(), file.getAbsolutePath(), recursive, classes);
} else {
// 如果是java类文件 去掉后面的.class 只留下类名
String className = file.getName().substring(0, file.getName().length() - 6);
try {
// 添加到集合中去
// classes.add(Class.forName(packageName + '.' +
// className));
// 经过回复同学的提醒,这里用forName有一些不好,会触发static方法,没有使用classLoader的load干净
classes.add(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(packageName + '.' + className));
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
// log.error("添加用户自定义视图类错误 找不到此类的.class文件");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Qualifier {
String value();
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;
@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Value {
String value();
}
package com.southwind.myspring.entity;
import com.southwind.myspring.Component;
import com.southwind.myspring.Value;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
@Component("myOrder")
public class Order {
@Value("xxx123")
private String orderId;
@Value("1000.5")
private Float price;
}
package com.southwind.myspring.entity;
import com.southwind.myspring.Autowired;
import com.southwind.myspring.Component;
import com.southwind.myspring.Qualifier;
import com.southwind.myspring.Value;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
@Component
public class Account {
@Value("1")
private Integer id;
@Value("张三")
private String name;
@Value("22")
private Integer age;
@Autowired
@Qualifier("myOrder")
private Order order;
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext applicationContext = new MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext("com.southwind.myspring.entity");
System.out.println(applicationContext.getBeanDefinitionCount());
String[] beanDefinitionNames = applicationContext.getBeanDefinitionNames();
for (String beanDefinitionName : beanDefinitionNames) {
System.out.println(beanDefinitionName);
System.out.println(applicationContext.getBean(beanDefinitionName));
}
}
}
private Integer age;
@Autowired
@Qualifier("myOrder")
private Order order;
}
package com.southwind.myspring;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext applicationContext = new MyAnnotationConfigApplicationContext("com.southwind.myspring.entity");
System.out.println(applicationContext.getBeanDefinitionCount());
String[] beanDefinitionNames = applicationContext.getBeanDefinitionNames();
for (String beanDefinitionName : beanDefinitionNames) {
System.out.println(beanDefinitionName);
System.out.println(applicationContext.getBean(beanDefinitionName));
}
}
}