Linux 基础知识整理(五)

Linux的常用命令 - ls命令

ls 命令是 Linux 系统中用来显示目标列表的命令,英文意思:list directory contents。

Linux命令 - ls—LZL在线工具

命令 描述
ls -l 长格式列出文件和目录
ls -lh 以人类可读的方式显示信息
ls -a 在列出的内容中包括隐藏文件
ls -R 递归列出文件
ls -F 在目录名后添加正斜杠
ls *.ext 列出具有特定扩展名的文件
ls -lS 根据文件大小排序
ls -lt 根据修改时间排序
-r 反转排序顺序(与 -S 或 -t 结合使用)

  利用 --help 参数查询 ls 的命令:

[root@icoolkj ~]# ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -a, --all                  do not ignore entries starting with .
  -A, --almost-all           do not list implied . and ..
      --author               with -l, print the author of each file
  -b, --escape               print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
      --block-size=SIZE      with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
                               e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
  -B, --ignore-backups       do not list implied entries ending with ~
  -c                         with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
                               modification of file status information);
                               with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
                               otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
  -C                         list entries by columns
      --color[=WHEN]         colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
                               if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
  -d, --directory            list directories themselves, not their contents
  -D, --dired                generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
  -f                         do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
  -F, --classify             append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
      --file-type            likewise, except do not append '*'
      --format=WORD          across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
                               single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
      --full-time            like -l --time-style=full-iso
  -g                         like -l, but do not list owner
      --group-directories-first
                             group directories before files;
                               can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
                               use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
  -G, --no-group             in a long listing, don't print group names
  -h, --human-readable       with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
      --si                   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
  -H, --dereference-command-line
                             follow symbolic links listed on the command line
      --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
                             follow each command line symbolic link
                               that points to a directory
      --hide=PATTERN         do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
                               (overridden by -a or -A)
      --hyperlink[=WHEN]     hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
                               (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
      --indicator-style=WORD  append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
                               none (default), slash (-p),
                               file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
  -i, --inode                print the index number of each file
  -I, --ignore=PATTERN       do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
  -k, --kibibytes            default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage;
                               used only with -s and per directory totals
  -l                         use a long listing format
  -L, --dereference          when showing file information for a symbolic
                               link, show information for the file the link
                               references rather than for the link itself
  -m                         fill width with a comma separated list of entries
  -n, --numeric-uid-gid      like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
  -N, --literal              print entry names without quoting
  -o                         like -l, but do not list group information
  -p, --indicator-style=slash
                             append / indicator to directories
  -q, --hide-control-chars   print ? instead of nongraphic characters
      --show-control-chars   show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
                               unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
  -Q, --quote-name           enclose entry names in double quotes
      --quoting-style=WORD   use quoting style WORD for entry names:
                               literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
                               shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
                               (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
  -r, --reverse              reverse order while sorting
  -R, --recursive            list subdirectories recursively
  -s, --size                 print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
  -S                         sort by file size, largest first
      --sort=WORD            sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
                               time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
      --time=WORD            with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
                               modification time: atime or access or use (-u);
                               ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
                               as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
      --time-style=TIME_STYLE  time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
  -t                         sort by modification time, newest first
  -T, --tabsize=COLS         assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
  -u                         with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
                               with -l: show access time and sort by name;
                               otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
  -U                         do not sort; list entries in directory order
  -v                         natural sort of (version) numbers within text
  -w, --width=COLS           set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
  -x                         list entries by lines instead of by columns
  -X                         sort alphabetically by entry extension
  -Z, --context              print any security context of each file
  -1                         list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).

The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2,
then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.

Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

Exit status:
 0  if OK,
 1  if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
 2  if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

GNU coreutils online help: 
Full documentation at: 
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
[root@icoolkj ~]#
  • 列出隐藏文件

[root@icoolkj ~]# ls
dead.letter  index.html  index.html.1

[root@icoolkj ~]# ls -a
.   .bash_history  .bash_profile  .cache   .cshrc       .groovy     index.html.1  .java     .m2             .npm  .pki              .rediscli_history  .taos_history  .viminfo
..  .bash_logout   .bashrc        .config  dead.letter  index.html  .influxdbv2   .jenkins  .mysql_history  .pip  .pydistutils.cfg  .ssh               .tcshrc

[root@icoolkj ~]# ls -A
.bash_history  .bash_profile  .cache   .cshrc       .groovy     index.html.1  .java     .m2             .npm  .pki              .rediscli_history  .taos_history  .viminfo
.bash_logout   .bashrc        .config  dead.letter  index.html  .influxdbv2   .jenkins  .mysql_history  .pip  .pydistutils.cfg  .ssh               .tcshrc
[root@icoolkj ~]# 

 以 . 开头的文件名就是所谓的隐藏文件(ls -A 与 ls -a 类似,但它不包括 . 和 .. 这两个目录)。

  • 递归列出文件

[root@icoolkj tmp]# pwd
/usr/tmp
[root@icoolkj tmp]# ls -R
.:
aliyun-service.pid  systemd-private-129ce6c23ffe48abb05f73f4d1a8f768-chronyd.service-CQUuFD

./systemd-private-129ce6c23ffe48abb05f73f4d1a8f768-chronyd.service-CQUuFD:
tmp

./systemd-private-129ce6c23ffe48abb05f73f4d1a8f768-chronyd.service-CQUuFD/tmp:
[root@icoolkj tmp]# 
  • 使用 ls 时对文件和目录做区分

[root@icoolkj tmp]# ls -F
aliyun-service.pid  systemd-private-129ce6c23ffe48abb05f73f4d1a8f768-chronyd.service-CQUuFD/
[root@icoolkj tmp]# 

不同的颜色就足以区分文件和目录。但是如果你基于某种原因需要给文件和目录添加符号标识,这就有一个办法。在 ls 命令中,使用 -F 选项,它会在每个目录名末尾添加一个正斜杠 /

  • 基于大小对输出内容排序

[root@icoolkj lib]# ls -lhS
total 14M
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8.7M 7月  24 19:05 libjemalloc.so.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.8M 4月  11 2023 libyasm.a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 151K 4月  11 2023 libsrtp2.a
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K 4月  11 2023 gcc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K 7月  24 19:05 pkgconfig
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   27 10月 15 2022 libfastcommon.so -> /usr/lib64/libfastcommon.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   27 10月 15 2022 libfdfsclient.so -> /usr/lib64/libfdfsclient.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   16 7月  24 19:05 libjemalloc.so -> libjemalloc.so.2
[root@icoolkj lib]# 

如果颠倒这个顺序,使得最小的文件首先被列出,利用 -r 选项来实现反向排序(ls -lhSr)。

  • 根据日期和时间排序文件

最新的文件最先被列出,可以使用 -t 选项

[root@icoolkj lib]# ls -lht
total 14M
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K 7月  24 19:05 pkgconfig
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   16 7月  24 19:05 libjemalloc.so -> libjemalloc.so.2
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8.7M 7月  24 19:05 libjemalloc.so.2
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K 4月  11 2023 gcc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 151K 4月  11 2023 libsrtp2.a
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4.8M 4月  11 2023 libyasm.a
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   27 10月 15 2022 libfdfsclient.so -> /usr/lib64/libfdfsclient.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   27 10月 15 2022 libfastcommon.so -> /usr/lib64/libfastcommon.so
[root@icoolkj lib]# 

当目录中存在大量文件,又希望最近被修改过的文件时,利用 -r 选项来实现反向排序(ls -lhSr)。

[root@icoolkj local]# ls -lrt
total 9488
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root  root    4096 4月  11 2018 src
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root  root    4096 4月  11 2018 games
drwxr-xr-x  11 root  root    4096 10月 15 2022 nginx
drwxr-xr-x   9 root  root    4096 10月 26 2022 mysql
drwxr-xr-x   3 root  root    4096 11月  5 2022 maven
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root  root    4096 4月   3 2023 sbin
drwxr-xr-x   4 root  root    4096 4月   3 2023 clamav
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root  root    4096 4月   3 2023 etc
drwxr-xr-x   4 root  root    4096 4月  11 2023 doc
drwxr-xr-x   6 root  root    4096 4月  11 2023 ffmpeg
drwxr-xr-x   5 root  root    4096 4月  11 2023 cmake
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root  root       7 4月  11 2023 ssl -> openssl
drwxr-xr-x  10 root  root    4096 4月  11 2023 openssl
drwxr-xr-x  43 16446 ftp     4096 4月  11 2023 gcc-5.4.0
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root  root    4096 4月  11 2023 libexec
drwxr-xr-x.  4 root  root    4096 4月  11 2023 lib64
-rw-r--r--   1 root  root   71765 7月  15 18:25 dump.rdb
drwxr-xr-x   7 root  root    4096 7月  24 19:05 taos
drwxr-xr-x.  7 root  root    4096 7月  24 19:05 include
drwxr-xr-x.  4 root  root    4096 7月  24 19:05 lib
-rw-r--r--   1 root  root 9549129 8月   2 14:10 appendonly.aof
drwxr-xr-x   8 root  root    4096 9月   2 20:33 aegis
drwxr-xr-x. 16 root  root    4096 11月 21 03:03 share
drwxr-xr-x.  3 root  root    4096 12月  5 11:28 bin
[root@icoolkj local]# 

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