【Linux】服务器网络安装和无人值守安装操作系统

背景：新机房有上百台服务器，需要安装操作系统，如果用光驱安装的话，效率低，严重影响工作进度，于是采取了网络安装的方案对服务器进行批量安装。
网络安装还是需要比较多的手动操作，对于小量，自定义安装的服务器可以采取该方法。
若大批量服务，直接采取无人值守安装，效率比较高。
主要用到了四种软件：

vstpd,kickstart,xinetd,dhcpd

这几个服务就不再介绍了，有兴趣的朋友去了解一下。

下面通过虚拟机测试的过程，介绍两种安装方式

一、网络安装（手动配置）

1、安装依赖包

yum install dhcp* tftp-server syslinux* *ftp* *kickstart* xinetd -y

2、配置dhcp文件

 #DHCP Server Configuration file.
 #see /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.sample
#see 'man 5 dhcpd.conf'
subnet 192.168.79.0 netmask 255.255.255.0       # //定义dhcp服务分配网段
{
        range 192.168.79.10 192.168.79.20;      #   //定义ip地址池            
        option routers 192.168.79.2;            # //默认网关
        next-server 192.168.79.105;             #     //服务器ip地址
        filename "pxelinux.0";                  #  //引导文件
}

3、启动tftp服务

disable对应的值改成no

4、挂载镜像

[root@localhost tftpboot]# cd /var/ftp
[root@localhost ftp]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar  2  2012 pub
[root@localhost ftp]# mkdir rhel6
[root@localhost ftp]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar  2  2012 pub
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root 4096 Jul 11 19:48 rhel6
[root@localhost ftp]# cd rhel6/
[root@localhost rhel6]# ll
total 0
[root@localhost rhel6]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                      47066056  10136852  34538372  23% /
tmpfs                   953452         0    953452   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1               495844     37406    432838   8% /boot
[root@localhost rhel6]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o loop rhel-server-6.3-x86_64-dvd.iso /var/ftp/rhel6
[root@localhost ~]# df
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                      47066056  10136852  34538372  23% /
tmpfs                   953452         0    953452   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1               495844     37406    432838   8% /boot
/root/rhel-server-6.3-x86_64-dvd.iso
                       3592530   3592530         0 100% /var/ftp/rhel6

5、配置启动文件

[root@localhost tftpboot]# ll
total 33660
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 30442765 Jul 11 19:50 initrd.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    26828 Jul 11 19:24 pxelinux.0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     4096 Jul 11 20:53 pxelinux.cfg
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root  3986992 Jul 11 19:50 vmlinuz
[root@localhost tftpboot]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 .
[root@localhost tftpboot]# scp /var/ftp/rhel6/isolinux/initrd.img /var/ftp/rhel6/isolinux/vmlinuz  .
[root@localhost tftpboot]# mkdir pxelinux.cfg
[root@localhost tftpboot]# vim pxelinux.cfg/default 

default auto
prompt 1

#menu title  Auto Install redhat

label auto
  kernel vmlinuz
  append initrd=initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6
label linux text
  kernel vmlinuz
  append text initrd=initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6
label linux rescue
  kernel vmlinuz
  append initrd=initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6
#menu end
#tree /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost tftpboot]# ll
total 33660
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 30442765 Jul 11 19:50 initrd.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    26828 Jul 11 19:24 pxelinux.0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     4096 Jul 11 20:53 pxelinux.cfg
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root  3986992 Jul 11 19:50 vmlinuz

6、重启服务

[root@localhost tftpboot]# service restart dhcpd
[root@localhost tftpboot]# service restart vsftpd
[root@localhost tftpboot]# service restart xinetd

启动一台虚拟机，自定义安装

二、无人值守安装（无需手动配置）

1、图形界面选择，制作ks.cfg

[root@localhost ~]#cd /var/ftp/
[root@localhost ~]#system-config-kickstart     

2、关闭防火墙

3、设置密码

4、自定义选包

5、磁盘划分

6、定义bash路径，防止程序无法启动

安装方式：

7、增加配置

[root@localhost ftp]#  cd /var/lib/tftpboot/
[root@localhost tftpboot]# ll
total 33660
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 30442765 Jul 11 19:50 initrd.img
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    26828 Jul 11 19:24 pxelinux.0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     4096 Jul 11 20:59 pxelinux.cfg
-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root  3986992 Jul 11 19:50 vmlinuz
[root@localhost tftpboot]# vim pxelinux.cfg/default 

default auto
prompt 1

#menu title  Auto Install redhat

label auto
  kernel vmlinuz
  append initrd=initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6 ks=ftp://192.168.79.105/ks.cfg
label linux text
  kernel vmlinuz
  append text initrd=initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6
label linux rescue
  kernel vmlinuz
  append initrd=initrd.img method=ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6
#menu end
#tree /var/lib/tftpboot/



[root@localhost ftp]# cat ks.cfg
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
#version=DEVEL
# Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
# Install OS instead of upgrade
install
# Use CDROM installation media
cdrom
# Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$qjXP7yte$dmoJrA3EyHBroNWwvERjv.
# System authorization information
auth  --useshadow  --passalgo=sha512
# Use network installation
url --url="ftp://192.168.79.105/rhel6"
# Use graphical install
graphical
firstboot --disable
# System keyboard
keyboard us
# System language
lang en_US
# SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
# Installation logging level
logging --level=info
# Reboot after installation
reboot
# System timezone
timezone  Asia/Shanghai
# System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
# Partition clearing information
clearpart --all  
# Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype="ext4" --size=1024
part / --fstype="ext4" --grow --size=1
part swap --fstype="swap" --size=32768

%packages
@additional-devel
@arabic-support
@armenian-support
@assamese-support
@backup-client
@backup-server
@base
@basic-desktop
@bengali-support
@bhutanese-support
@brazilian-support
@burmese-support
@chinese-support
@cifs-file-server
@client-mgmt-tools
@compat-libraries
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@development
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@emacs
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@fonts
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@ftp-server
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@german-support
@graphical-admin-tools
@graphics
@gujarati-support
@hardware-monitoring
@hebrew-support
@hindi-support
@identity-management-server
@infiniband
@input-methods
@internet-browser
@inuktitut-support
@italian-support
@japanese-support
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NetworkManager-openswan
OpenIPMI
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SDL-devel
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screen
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sg3_utils
sgpio
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squid
srptools
star
startup-notification-devel
stunnel
subscription-manager-migration
subscription-manager-migration-data
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syslinux
system-config-kickstart
system-config-lvm
systemtap-client
systemtap-grapher
systemtap-initscript
systemtap-sdt-devel
systemtap-server
talk
talk-server
tboot
tcl-devel
tcp_wrappers
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tdb-tools
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texinfo
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tigervnc
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tk-devel
tog-pegasus
totem-upnp
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tree
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unique-devel
unix2dos
unixODBC-devel
uuidd
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volume_key
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x3270-text
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xfig
xguest
xmlto-tex
xmltoman
xorg-x11-fonts-75dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-1-75dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-14-100dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-14-75dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-15-75dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-2-100dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-2-75dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-9-100dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-9-75dpi
xorg-x11-fonts-cyrillic
xorg-x11-fonts-ethiopic
xorg-x11-proto-devel
xorg-x11-twm
xorg-x11-xdm
xrestop
xterm
xz-devel
ypserv
yum-plugin-aliases
yum-plugin-changelog
yum-plugin-downloadonly
yum-plugin-tmprepo
yum-plugin-verify
yum-plugin-versionlock
yum-presto
zsh
%end
[root@localhost ftp]# 

选包的配置可以参照已安装好机器的系统文件

/root/anaconda-ks.cfg

8、重启服务

[root@localhost tftpboot]# service restart dhcpd
[root@localhost tftpboot]# service restart vsftpd
[root@localhost tftpboot]# service restart xinetd

9、开启一台服务器，测试

选网络启动，可以自动安装操作系统。