英语八大句子成分之二：宾语和宾语补足语

一、宾语

宾语就是动作的对象，是行为或动作的承受者。

宾语一般用在及物动词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。

• I hit him.
• 抽象动词虽然不是动作，也有宾语：Edison invented light bulb.

1. 宾语与动词紧密联系

• 动词是谓语动词：Edison invented light bulb.
• 动词也可以是非谓语动词：He decided to finish work later. finish 是非谓语动词，而 work 就是 finish 的宾语，而不是谓语动词 decide 的宾语。

2. 及物动词与不及物动词

及物动词

• 兼作及物动词和不及物动词

start, answer, sing, close, agree, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, hope

及物动词指的是动作直接作用于客体的动词。指后面可以加宾语的动词。

所谓“及物”，“及”有“从后头跟上、达到、关联”等意，“及物”说明需要带“物”来完成一个动作，这个动作是有对象的，这个对象就是它后面要加的宾语，也就是通常意义上的宾语，一般后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式。

• 判断方法

用“I”做主语，用要判断的动词做谓语，用“某人/某物/某事”中的一个，做宾语造一个句子，看看，意思通顺的，是及物动词，意思莫名其妙的，是不及物动词。

例如：

do做：I do sth我做某事。通顺，是及物动词

rest休息：我休息某物。意思莫名其妙，是不及物动词。

• 主+谓+双宾

tell, bring, take, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, send, show, teach, buy, make …

不及物动词

arrive, belong, look, depend, lie, listen, succeed, live, stay, work, appear, cry, come, exist, die, go, happen, hurry, sit, sleep

• 不及物动词就是一个动作不能施加到另一个物体上，也就是后面不能加宾语。它的动作没有对象，只是表示某种状态。不可直接加宾语，一般要先加介词后再接宾语。

• 不及物动词有：feel 觉得、 listen听、seem似乎、stand站、rest休息、fall落下、come来到、 fly飞、hurry仓促、belong属于。

• arrive in/at, belong to 属于, look at, depend on 陪伴, lie 躺，位于, listen to 听, succeed in 成功, live in 居住, stay at 待

• 主 + 谓

• 不及物动词接宾语，要借助介词

• 例句：

  • We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(这个句子中，arrived是不及物动词，介词at不能省去)

  • She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

    这个句子中，spoke 是不及物动词，后面要先加介词at后再接宾语。

3. 直接宾语与间接宾语

• 直接宾语是两个宾语中谓语动词直接指向的承受者。

• 间接宾语是两个宾语中另外一个，是谓语动词的间接承受者，表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做）。间接宾语总是位于直接宾语之前。间接宾语前边的动词是双宾动词。

• 常见的双宾动词

  award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell,bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write,answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare

  tell, ask, bring, take, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, send, show, teach, pay, promise, read, return, leave, mail, throw, write, buy, make
  

例句:

• I gave you an apple.
• I give him my pen.
• I give my pen to him
• The teacher tells us a story.
• He passed me an apple. 他递给我一个苹果。 (me 为间接宾语，apple 为直接宾语)
• Her husband sent him a gift. 她的丈夫送了她一件礼物。 (him 为间接宾语，gift 为直接宾语)
• Peter bought himself a bicycle. 彼得给自已买了辆自行车。（himself 为间接宾语, bicycle 为直接宾语）

v + sb. + sth. = v + sth. + to + sb.

• to 表示“到达；给予；向”，强调空间关系，从a到b的移动。
• 间接宾语放在后面时其前面要加to到常见动词

v + sb. + sth. = v + sth. + for + sb.

• for表示“为了；代劳；付出了劳力”，强调动作是“为了谁”
• 间接宾语放在后面时其前面要加for到常见动词：find, get, make, order, prepare, save, sing, spare

v + sb. + sth. = v + sth. + of + sb.

• of 表示所属关系

It’s an environment where more and more is being asked of employees.

在新的环境下，员工被要求得越来越多。

The question was once asked of a highly successful businessman.

曾经有人问一个非常成功的商人这个问题。

What exactly is required of a receptionist?

接待员的职责到底是什么？

一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后

Peppa gives George(间接宾语) a football(直接宾语).

当直接宾语为代词，或间接宾语较长时，此时间接宾语前需要加介词to或者for，也可以加with.

give it to me.

Give the book to the student who has no money to buy one.

含有双宾语的动词在变为被动语态时，有以下三种情形：

1. 有些双宾动词(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在变为被动语态时，既可把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语)，也可把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语(到底用to还是for，与所搭配的动词有关)。

   • He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。

     → She was given some money.

     →Some money was given to her.

   • He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表。

     → A watch was bought for her.

     →She was bought a watch.

2. 有些双宾动词(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语，而将间接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词to或for)：

   • Father made me a doll.

     → A doll was made for me.

   • He wrote her a letter.

     → A letter was written to her.

3. 有些双宾动词(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用间接宾语(指人)作被动语态的主语，而将直接宾语用作保留宾语：

   • He answered me that question.

     → I was answered that question by him.

4. 介词宾语

除了动词的宾语之外，英语语法上也把位于介词后边的名词称为介词宾语。
The furniture [in the room] is [quite] old. room 是介词宾语，in the room充当后置定语修饰The furniture
介词短语在句中不能充当宾语

4.1 作状语

His parents work on a farm. 他父母在农场工作。
He arrived in Washington at five o’clock in the morning. 他早晨五点到达华盛顿。
Mary came back because of the rain. 玛丽因为下雨回来了。

4.2 作定语

The book on the desk is very interesting. 书桌上的那本书很有趣。
It is the best way of doing it. 这是做这件事的最好方法。

4.3 作表语

This book will be of great use to you. 这本书对你会有很大的用处。
This is against the law. 这是违法的。

4.4 作宾语补足语

I found everything in good condition.我觉得一切都很好。
The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 老师手里拿着本书走进了教室。

5. 可以作宾语的元素（名词、动名词、不定式）

我们习惯将宾语与名词划上等号。虽然多数情况下宾语是由名词充当，但在英语语法上，除了名词之外，动名词和不定式也可以作宾语

• I like to get up early. 我喜欢早起。(不定式作宾语)
• They prefer going with me. 他们更喜欢和我一起去。(动名词作宾语)
• Give me a reason for doing it. 给我一个做这件事的理由。(动名词作for介词宾语)

二、复合宾语（宾语补足语）

宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

He asked me to lend him some money.

1.宾语补足语通常紧随于宾语之后

1.1 名词(代词) + 形容词 (即形容词作宾语补语)

Do you think his idea wrong? 你认为他的意见错了吗？

We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室清洁。

1.2 名词(代词) + 名词 （即名词作宾语补语）

We call him Jack. 我们叫他杰克。

He considers himself an expert on the subject. 他认为自己是这门学科的专家。

1.3 名词(代词) +现在分词（即现在分词作宾语补语）

I saw them playing football. 我看见他们正在踢足球。

When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by a pretty young nurse. 当他醒来后， 他发现一个年轻漂亮的护士在照料他。

• being looked after：现在分词的被动语态充当宾语补足语

1.4 名词(代词) +过去分词（即过去分词作宾语补语）

I had my bike stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。

I saw the ground covered with snow. 我看到地上覆盖着雪。

1.5 名词(代词) + 介词短语（即介词短语作宾语补语）

We found everything in good order. 我们发现一切井然有序。

He awoke to find the house on fire. 他醒来时发现房子着了火。

When I called on Tom, I found him at his desk. 我拜访汤姆时，发现他在伏案工作。

We have him as our good friend. 我们把他视为好朋友。

1.6 名词(代词) + 副词 （即副词短语作宾语补语）

Send them back. 把它们退回去。

I can’t get the nail out. 我没法把这个钉子拔出。

Please turn the light off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。

1.7 名词(代词) + 不定式（即不定式作宾语补语）

• 带to 的不定式作宾语补语

  We invited him to come to our school. 我们邀请他来我们学校。

  We can’t allow them to do that. 我们不能容许他们那样做。

  I warn you not to believe a word he says. 我提醒你， 对他讲的话一句也不要信。

  • warn：主句的谓语
  • not to believe：宾语you的补足语
  • a word：动词believe的宾语
  • he says：省略了that的定语从句修饰word

• 有些动词只跟不带to的不定式作宾语补语

  I often hear him read English in his room. 我常听见他在房间里读英语。

  Please let me do it. 请让我做。

  They made me repeat the story. 他们逼我又把那事讲了一遍.

  I saw him put the key in the lock. 我看见他把钥匙插进锁孔.

  She watched him repair the bicycle. 她看着他修理单车。

  Did you notice anyone come in? 你注意到有人进来了吗?

• 动词help 可以跟带to 的不定式作宾语补语，也可以跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但被动时则要加to。

  She sometimes helps her mother (to) wash clothes. 她有时帮她妈妈洗衣服。

  I helped him (to) find his things. 我帮他找东西.

  They were helped to complete the project. 他们得到帮助完成项目。

2.宾语补足语有时可被移到宾语之前，特别是宾语较长或宾语是从句时。

2.1 副词补足语提前

He took off his coat immediately. 他立即脱下外套。

It is difficult to sort out the lies from the truth. 很难从事实中区分出谎言。

Can you make out who is over there talking with our teacher? 你能认出那边正和我们老师谈话的人是谁吗?

2.2 形容词补足语提前

The improvement in technology made possible the rise of production. 技术的改进使产量增加成为可能。

The teacher made clear the difference between the two words. 老师清楚地说明了两个词的区别。

In recent years, China has continuously made public its military expenditure through * white paper. 近年来中国连续以白皮书的形式向世界公布了自己的军费开支情况。

I beg you to keep secret what we talked here. 我求你对这里所谈的话保密。

2.3 现在分词和过去分词作补足语有时也可以被移到宾语前。

She found sitting on the desk a guy (dressed like a student). 她见到一个学生打扮的小伙子坐在桌子上。

He found hidden behind the rock a plant (which he had never seen before). 他发现一棵从未见过的植物隐藏在岩石后边。

3.介词宾语的宾语补足语 (with/without复合结构)

介词with/without 的宾语也常可有宾语补足语，构成复合结构（复合宾语结构）， 表示方式、补充说明、伴随动作、 时间、 条件或原因等。

3.1 with/without + n. + 现在分词

With the boy leading the way, we quickly found the house. 有男孩带路，我们很快找到那所房间。

The English class ended with all students singing an English song. 英语课以全体学生合唱一首英语歌而结束。

I can’t move about in the city without everybody knowing. 在这座城市我的行踪无法不让大家知道。

3.2 with/without + n. + 过去分词

With a lot of problems settled, the newly-elected president is having a good time. 解决了许多问题之后，新上任的总统有一个好的时光。

With the homework finished, he was allowed to watch the football match. 完成作业之后，他被允许看足球赛。

3.3 with/without + n. + 形容词

Before he came here, my father used to sleep with his eyes open. 我父亲来这儿之前，常常睁着眼睛睡觉。

It was cold outside, the boy ran into the room with his nose red. 外面天气很冷，那个男孩跑进了屋子时，鼻子红红的。

3.4 with/without + n. + 介词短语

The teacher came into the classroom with a book in his hand. 老师手里拿着本书走进了教室。

He was asleep with his head on his arms. 他头放在手臂上睡着了。

3.5 with/without + n. + 副词

He was standing there with nothing on. 他一丝不挂地站在那里。

We went home with our work over. 我们工作做完就回家了。

三、宾语有哪些词性构成

1) 名词

• We have already had breakfast. 我们已经吃过早饭。
• May I borrow your pen? 我可以借你的笔吗?

2) 代词

• Take good care of yourself. 好好照顾自己。
• I will show it to you. 我会展示给你看。
• I don’t believe him. 我不相信他。

3) 数词

• Canada covers six of the world’s 24 time areas. 加拿大的国土跨过全世界24个时区的6个。
• Of the two chapters I read, I like the first better. 在读过的两章中， 我比较喜欢第1章。

4) 名词化形容词

• We should take good care of the old. 我们应当好好地照顾老人。
• He expected me to do the impossible. 他期待我做办不到的事情。
  • expected：谓语动词
  • me：间接宾语
  • to do the impossible：不定式作直接宾语， the impossible作do的宾语
• Many of the injured lost their sight. 受伤人员中有许多人双目失明。

5) 动名词

• I suggest bringing the meeting to an end. 我提议结束会议。
• He learnt | {how to clean rough ground [before planting crops]}. 他学会了在种植作物以前怎样平整高低不平的土地。
  • how引导宾语从句
  • before planting crops：介宾短语充当时间状语，planting crops 动名词充当介词的宾语

6) 不定式

• She wanted to borrow my radio. 她想借我的收音机。
• He asked to see my password. 他要求验看我的护照。

7) 复合结构

• I saw them playing football. 我看见他们正在踢足球。
  • playing football：现在分词作宾语补足语
• We call him Jack. 我们叫他杰克。jack作宾语补足语

8) 从句

• I hope that he will be fine soon．
• Do you know who will come this afternoon? 你知道今天下午谁来吗？