在Linux下安装过软件软件的朋友都知道,rpm只能安装单一软件包,而且解决依赖问题相当麻烦,所以YUM软件包管理系统也就就应运而生了,但要想正常使用YUM,首先得了解YUM的工作原理,YUM是一个C/S(客户端/服务器)架构的包管理系统,必须配置好yum仓库服务器,然后在客户端上做好服务器的指向配置才能正常使用。当然如何把一个已经制作好的YUM仓库服务器共享出来那是属于搭建服务器的范畴,在这里我只是给大家分享一些关于YUM源的配置以及YUM客户端的使用。


一、YUM: Yellowdog Update Modifier

    rpm的前端程序,用来解决软件包相关依赖性,可以在多个库之间定位软件包,安装或更新软件包的工具


二、yum源两大配置文件

(一)yum客户端配置文件:/etc/yum.conf(为所有仓库提供公共配置)

cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever yum本地缓存路径

keepcache=0是否保存缓存(0为禁用,1为禁用,下同)

debuglevel=2 调试级别

logfile=/var/log/yum.log yum安装日志保存路径

exactarch=1 是否检查平台版本

obsoletes=1 是否对过时版本的RPM进行更新

gpgcheck=1 是否检查完整性

plugins=1 是否启用插件

installonly_limit=5 并发安装的RPM包的上限

bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum(BUG反馈中心)

distroverpkg=centos-release  指定一个软件包,yum会根据这个包判断你的发行版本,可以是安装的任何针对自己发行版的rpm包


(二)仓库指向配置文件:/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo

[repository_name] 注意:[REPO_name]中不能有空格,否则报错

name=some description about repository  关于yum源的描述信息

baseurl=

http://  web服务器仓库

ftp://   ftp服务器仓库

file://  本地文件路径(包括光盘)

enabled={1|0}  是否启用  (启用为1,禁用为0,下同)

gpgcheck={1|0}  是否检查完整性

gpgkey=URL      密钥文件路径,如果启用检查完整性,就必须赋值

enablegroups={1|0}  是否开启包组

failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}  默认为:roundrobin,意为随机挑选yum仓库源

cost=1000  yum源优先级,默认1000,值越大,优先使用级越低


(三)yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量:

$releasever: 当前OS的发行版的主版本号

$arch: 平台,i386,i486,i586,x86_64等

$basearch:基础平台;i386

$YUM0-$YUM9:自定义变量


示例代码:

http://server/centos/$releasever/$basearch/

变量转换后:http://server/centos/7/x86_64

变量转换后:http://server/centos/6/i384


(四)手动创建yum仓库时生成仓库根目录配置文件命令:

createrepo [options]


三、YUM客户端的使用

1、显示仓库列表:

yum repolist [all|enabled|disabled]  可以查看所有的、启用的、禁用的


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum repolist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

repo id                        repo name         status

cdrom                          cdrom yum source           9,007

http                           http yum source            9,007

repolist: 18,014

[root@centos7 test]# 


2、显示已启用的yum仓库里面的程序包:

yum list

yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]  支持使用通配搜索所有程序包

yum list {available|installed|updates} [glob_exp1] [...]支持使用通配搜索所有(有效的、已安装的、可更新的)程序包


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum list httpd*

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Packages

httpd.x86_64                    2.4.6-40.el7.centos             cdrom

httpd-devel.x86_64              2.4.6-40.el7.centos             cdrom

httpd-manual.noarch             2.4.6-40.el7.centos             cdrom

httpd-tools.x86_64              2.4.6-40.el7.centos             cdrom

[root@centos7 test]# 


3、安装程序包:

yum install package1 [package2] [...]

yum reinstall package1 [package2] [...]  重新安装


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum install autofs.x86_64 

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

cdrom                                                   

http                                                    

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-54.el7 will be instal

--> Processing Dependency: libhesiod.so.0()(64bit) for p

--> Running transaction check

---> Package hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7 will be install

--> Finished Dependency Resolution


Dependencies Resolved


========================================================

Package                   Arch                      Ver

========================================================

Installing:

autofs                    x86_64                    1:5

Installing for dependencies:

hesiod                    x86_64                    3.2


Transaction Summary

========================================================

Install  1 Package (+1 Dependent package)


Total download size: 823 k

Installed size: 5.1 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y^CExiting on user command

Your transaction was saved, rerun it with:

yum load-transaction /tmp/yum_save_tx.2016-08-24.21-26.

[root@centos7 test]# cls

[root@centos7 test]# cls

[root@centos7 test]# yum install autofs.x86_64 

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-54.el7 will be installed

--> Processing Dependency: libhesiod.so.0()(64bit) for package: 1:autofs-5.0.7-54.el7.x86_64

--> Running transaction check

---> Package hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7 will be installed

--> Finished Dependency Resolution


Dependencies Resolved


=======================================================

Package   Arch      Version            Repository

                                                 Size

=======================================================

Installing:

autofs    x86_64    1:5.0.7-54.el7     cdrom    794 k

Installing for dependencies:

hesiod    x86_64    3.2.1-3.el7        cdrom     30 k


Transaction Summary

=======================================================

Install  1 Package (+1 Dependent package)


Total download size: 823 k

Installed size: 5.1 M

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

-------------------------------------------------------

Total                     2.1 MB/s | 823 kB  00:00     

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

 Installing : hesiod-3.2.1-3.el7.x86_64           1/2 

 Installing : 1:autofs-5.0.7-54.el7.x86_64        2/2 

 Verifying  : 1:autofs-5.0.7-54.el7.x86_64        1/2 

 Verifying  : hesiod-3.2.1-3.el7.x86_64           2/2 


Installed:

 autofs.x86_64 1:5.0.7-54.el7                         


Dependency Installed:

 hesiod.x86_64 0:3.2.1-3.el7                          


Complete!

[root@centos7 test]# 


4、yum安装过程中的命令行选项:

--nogpgcheck:禁止进行gpg check

-y: 自动回答为“yes”

-q:静默模式

--disablerepo=repoidglob:临时禁用此处指定的repo

--enablerepo=repoidglob:临时启用此处指定的repo

--noplugins:禁用所有插件


5、查看程序包信息:

yum info package_name


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum info httpd.x86_64

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Packages

Name        : httpd

Arch        : x86_64

Version     : 2.4.6

Release     : 40.el7.centos

Size        : 2.7 M

Repo        : base

Summary     : Apache HTTP Server

URL         : http://httpd.apache.org/

License     : ASL 2.0

Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible web server.


6、查看指定的特性(可以是某文件)是由哪个程序包所提供:

yum provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2][...]


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum provides autofs

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

1:autofs-5.0.7-54.el7.x86_64 : A tool for automatically

    ...: mounting and unmounting filesystems

Repo        : cdrom

1:autofs-5.0.7-54.el7.x86_64 : A tool for automatically

    ...: mounting and unmounting filesystems

Repo        : http

1:autofs-5.0.7-54.el7.x86_64 : A tool for automatically

    ...: mounting and unmounting filesystems

Repo        : @cdrom

[root@centos7 test]# 


7、到yum仓库检查程序可用升级:

yum check-update


8、升级或阶级程序包:

yum update [package1] [package2] [...]  升级安装

yum downgrade package1 [package2] [...] 降级安装


9、卸载程序包:

yum remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum remove tree

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be erased

--> Finished Dependency Resolution


Dependencies Resolved


=======================================================

Package Arch      Version          Repository    Size

=======================================================

Removing:

tree    x86_64    1.6.0-10.el7     installed     87 k


Transaction Summary

=======================================================

Remove  1 Package


Installed size: 87 k

Is this ok [y/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

 Erasing    : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64            1/1 

 Verifying  : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64            1/1 

Removed:

 tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7                           

Complete!

[root@centos7 test]# 


10、清理本地yum缓存:

yum clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]


11、创建本地yum缓存:

yum makecache



12、指定的关键字搜索程序包名及summary信息:

yum search string1 [string2] [...]


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum search ftp

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

================================== N/S matched: ftp ===================================

ftp.x86_64 : The standard UNIX FTP (File Transfer Protocol) client

lftp-scripts.noarch : Scripts for lftp

syslinux-tftpboot.x86_64 : SYSLINUX modules in /var/lib/tftpboot, available for network

                        : booting

tftp.x86_64 : The client for the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

tftp-server.x86_64 : The server for the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon

vsftpd-sysvinit.x86_64 : SysV initscript for vsftpd daemon

curl.x86_64 : A utility for getting files from remote servers (FTP, HTTP, and others)

lftp.i686 : A sophisticated file transfer program

lftp.x86_64 : A sophisticated file transfer program

wget.x86_64 : A utility for retrieving files using the HTTP or FTP protocols


 Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

[root@centos7 test]# 


13、查看指定包所依赖的capabilities:

yum deplist package1 [package2] [...]


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum deplist tree

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

  package: tree.x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7

  dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)

  provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-105.el7

  dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)

  provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-105.el7

  provider: glibc.i686 2.17-105.el7

  package: tree.x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7

  dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)

  provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-105.el7

  dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)

  provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-105.el7

  provider: glibc.i686 2.17-105.el7

[root@centos7 test]# 


14、查看yum事务历史:

日志文件保存路径 :/var/log/yum.log

yum history [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]

yum history

yum history info 6 查看具体某项历史操作

yum history undo 6 撤消某项操作


示例代码:

[root@centos7 test]# yum history

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

ID     | Login user               | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    5 |                   | 2016-08-24 21:32 | Erase          |    1   

    4 |                   | 2016-08-24 21:27 | Install        |    2   

    3 |                   | 2016-08-22 17:29 | Install        |    3   

    2 |                   | 2016-08-22 15:22 | Install        |   52  <

    1 | System           | 2016-07-21 12:17 | Install        | 1243 > 

history list

[root@centos7 test]# yum history info 5

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Transaction ID : 5

Begin time     : Wed Aug 24 21:32:39 2016

Begin rpmdb    : 1306:d11bc5d2be008a4ef6a4b40725e4d041e93aac8d

End time       :            21:32:40 2016 (1 seconds)

End rpmdb      : 1305:bd2b79ace3e7148c8285452fabcf96d1248d19fe

User           : hacker,10,183530300

Return-Code    : Success

Command Line   : remove tree

Transaction performed with:

   Installed     rpm-4.11.3-17.el7.x86_64                      @anaconda

   Installed     yum-3.4.3-132.el7.centos.0.1.noarch           @anaconda

   Installed     yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-34.el7.noarch @anaconda

Packages Altered:

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

   Erase tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 @?cdrom

history info

[root@centos7 test]# yum history undo 5

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Undoing transaction 5, from Wed Aug 24 21:32:39 2016

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

   Erase tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 @?cdrom

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be installed

--> Finished Dependency Resolution


Dependencies Resolved


=======================================================================================

Package          Arch               Version                   Repository         Size

=======================================================================================

Installing:

tree             x86_64             1.6.0-10.el7              cdrom              46 k


Transaction Summary

=======================================================================================

Install  1 Package


Total download size: 46 k

Installed size: 87 k

Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Downloading packages:

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

 Installing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                            1/1 

 Verifying  : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64                                            1/1 

Installed:

 tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7                                                           

Complete!

[root@centos7 test]# 


15、安装及升级本地程序包:

yum localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]   可用install替代

yum localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2] [...]    可用update替代


16、包组管理的相关命令:

yum grouplist [hidden] [groupwildcard] [...]  查看YUM源里面包组列表(支持通配符)

yum groupinfo group1 [...]      查看YUM源里面指定包组的信息

yum groupinstall group1 [group2] [...]        使用YUM安装包组

yum groupupdate group1 [group2] [...]         使用YUM升级包组

yum groupremove group1 [group2] [...]         使用YUM卸载包组


示例代码

[root@centos7 test]# yum grouplist

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Available Environment Groups:

  Minimal Install

  Compute Node

  Infrastructure Server

  File and Print Server

  Basic Web Server

  Virtualization Host

  Server with GUI

  GNOME Desktop

  KDE Plasma Workspaces

  Development and Creative Workstation

Installed Groups:

  Development Tools

Available Groups:

  Compatibility Libraries

  Console Internet Tools

  Graphical Administration Tools

  Legacy UNIX Compatibility

  Scientific Support

  Security Tools

  Smart Card Support

  System Administration Tools

  System Management

Done

[root@centos7 test]# 


四、YUM仓库配置实例:

使用光盘创建本地yum仓库:

(1) 挂载光盘至/media/cdrom目录

mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom

(2) 编辑/etc/yum.repos.d/base.repo配置文件

[cdrom]

name=cdrom yum source

baseurl=file:///media

enabled=1

gpgcheck=0

gpgkey=file:///media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

(3)使用yum repolist验证是否添加正确

(4)使用yum list查看光盘yum源里面的安装包

学到这里的同时,你已经可以使用自己配置的光盘YUM源去解决一些常用软件的依赖性问题,如果是在实际生产环境中,要想方便的使用,最好把你需要用到的安装包下载到一个专业的包目录,然后使用手动创建yum仓库时生成仓库根目录配置文件命令createrepo,制作一个仓库信息配置文件,再把自己的包目录通过http或者ftp方式共享出去,别人就可以通过网络使用你的YUM仓库服务器了。