Chapter 1 The Influence of Ideas Ⅱ

⒈parenthood n.父母的身份

planned parenthood 计划生育

birth control也是计划生育的意思

⒉Others succeeded in legalizing promoted forced sterilization, notably in Virginia.

[succeed in doing sth]成功做某事。一定注意没有succeed to do哟!

⒊In addition, by 1950 over 150000 supposedly "defective" children, many relatively normal, were held against their will in insititutions.

[ against one's will]违背某人的意愿，[will]此处是①意愿(只能用单数形式)的意思，它作名词时还有②遗嘱(可数)和③意志，毅力，自制力。

⒋"We need policies to ensure that workers leave their minds at the factory gate and perform their assigned tasks mindlessly."

⑴[ensure]"保证，确保"，但不是你向别人保证什么，而是确保某事完成，句型为:ensure＋that从句。

[assure]"保证；使某人放心",与ensure不同，assure是向别人保证、"告诉某人，某件事肯定会发生或某件事肯定是真的"，目的是为了解除某人的疑心。句型:assure sb that或assure sb of doing sth。assure后面一定要接sb,然后再接that从句或of短语。

[insure]"保险；给...投保"。eg. She decided to insure her pure gold necklace.她决定给她的纯金项链买保险。

另:ensure 和 insure 在AmE和BrE中有点差别。①AmE中，ensure 和insure都可以指确保某事发生或完成。②BrE中，insure只指为生命、财产损失提供保险；投保或承保。

⑵[leave]这里是"使保留，让...处于(某种状态、某地等)"

⑶[perform]这里是"做，执行(vt.)"，它还有经常用的一个意思"表演"。

⑷[assigned]指定的。assignment分配的任务；(学生的)指定的作业。

⒌Decades later, when Edwards Deming proposed his "quality control" ideas for involving workers in decision making...

⑴注意propose的名词变化proposal。

⑵[involve sb in sth]让某人参与到某事中。involve还有"包含；需要"和"涉及；影响"的意思。

⒍Others include discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities...

racial和ethnic中文翻译都是"种族的"，但是它们有差别。racial:happening or existing between people of different races(人种，种族)。ethnic: connected with or belonging to a nation, race or people that shares a cultural tradition。所以，ethnic涉及文化方面哈~

⒎Some historians also link hereditarianism to the genocide that occurred in Nazi Germany.

[link...to/with...]把...和...联系/连接起来，这里是把...和...联系起来的意思。link既可以作名词也可以做动词。

⒏sometimes slightly, at other times profoundly

⑴[at other times]在其他时间，所以在用的时候就可以与sometimes连用，译成"有时...有时..."。[at other times]还有"平时"的意思。

⑵sometimes, at times, now and then, now and again, from time to time, on occasion, occasionally, once in a while, every once in a while都可以表示"有时"。