Let’s begin by making the important distinction between thinking and feeling. I feel and I think are sometimes used interchangeably, but that practice causes confusion. Feeling is a subjective response that reflects emotion, sentiment, or desire; it generally occurs spontaneously rather than through a conscious mental act. We don’t have to employ our minds to feel angry when we are insulted, afraid when we are threatened, or compassionate when we see a picture of a starving child. The feelings arise automatically.
译文：
2.2 批判性思考的定义
让我们开始对思考和感觉之间的进行重点区本。我感觉和我认为有时候会被交换使用，但那种操作会产生困惑。感觉是对情感、喜好或欲望的一个主观回应；通常是自发的而非通过一个有意识的思维活动。当我们被凌辱的时候，不必利用我们的思维去感知生气，或者因被威胁时而感到害怕，或者见到一个挨饿的小孩时而感到同情。情感是自发的。
spontaneously英 [spɒn'teɪnɪəslɪ] 美 [spɔn'teniəsli]adv. 自发地；自然地；不由自主地
Feeling is useful in directing our attention to matters we should think about; it also can provide the enthusiasm and commitment necessary to complete arduous mental tasks. However, feeling is never a good substitute for thinking because it is notoriously unreliable. Some feelings are beneficial, honorable, even noble; others are not, as everyday experience demonstrates. We often feel like doing things that will harm us—for example, smoking, sunbathing without sunscreen, telling off our professor or employer, or spending the rent money on lottery tickets.
译文：
感觉对关于应当思考的事情上可以指导我们的注意力；它同样可以提供必要的激情和评论来完成费力的脑力任务。然而，感觉从来不是思考的一个好的替代品因为众所周知它不可靠。有些感觉是有益的，值得尊重的，甚至是高尚的；其他的感觉就不这样了，如日常生活经验说明的一样。我们常常想做对自己有害的事情，比如吸烟，不涂防晒霜进行日光浴，责备我们的教授或老板，或者用租金买乐彩票。
arduous 英 ['ɑːdjʊəs] 美 ['ɑrdʒuəs]adj. 努力的；费力的；险峻的
**notoriously **英 美 [noˈtɔːriəsli]adv. 众所周知地；声名狼藉地；恶名昭彰地
sunbathing 英 [ˈsʌnbeɪðɪŋ] 美 [ˈsʌnbeðɪŋ]n. 日光浴
sunscreen 英 ['sʌnskriːn] 美 ['sʌnskrin]n. （防晒油中的）遮光剂；防晒霜
tell off vt. 责备；分派出；向...透露
lottery 英 ['lɒt(ə)rɪ] 美 ['lɑtəri]n. 彩票；碰运气的事，难算计的事；抽彩给奖法
Zinedine Zidane was one of the greatest soccer players of his generation, and many experts believed that in his final season (2006) he would lead France to the pinnacle of soccer success—winning the coveted World Cup. But then, toward the end of the championship game against Italy, he viciously head-butted an Italian player in full view of hundreds of millions of people. The referee banished him from the field, France lost the match, and a single surrender to feeling forever stained the brilliant career Zidane had dedicated his life to building.
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Zinedine Zidane是他那一代人的最伟大的足球运动员之一，2006年，在他的最后一个赛季上，许多专家认为他将带领法国走向巅峰，赢得梦寐以求的世界杯。但是，在最后的冠军赛中和意大利的对抗赛中，他在几百万观众的眼皮下用头恶意撞击一个意大利球员。裁判罚他下场，法国失去比赛，唯一一次屈服于感情让Zidane一直努力用心维系的辉煌事业永远蒙上了污点。
Zinedine Zidane 齐达内（法国足球运动员）
coveted 英 ['kʌvitid] adj. 垂涎的；梦寐以求的
** viciously** ['vɪʃəsli]adv. 邪恶地；敌意地
stain 英 [steɪn] 美 [sten]
vt. 沾污；败坏；给…着色vi. 污染；被沾污；被染污n. 污点；瑕疵；着色剂
surrender 英 [sə'rendə] 美 [sə'rɛndɚ]
vt. 使投降；放弃；交出；听任vi. 投降；屈服；自首n. 投降；放弃；交出；屈服
In contrast to feeling, thinking is a conscious mental process performed to solve a problem, make a decision, or gain understanding.* Whereas feeling has no purpose beyond expressing itself, thinking aims beyond itself to knowledge or action. This is not to say that thinking is infallible; in fact, a good part of this book is devoted to exposing errors in thinking and showing you how to avoid them. Yet for all its shortcomings, thinking is the most reliable guide to action we humans possess. To sum up the relationship between feeling and thinking, feelings need to be tested before being trusted, and thinking is the most reasonable and reliable way to test them.
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和感情相反，思考是一个有意识的思维过程，用以解决问题、做决定或者获得认知。情感无意于自我超越，而思考旨在超越自我，获得知识或产生行动。这并不是说思考是绝对可靠的；事实上，这本书的精彩部分在于暴露思考中的错误，并如何避免。尽管有这么多的缺点，但思考是我们人类行为最可靠的指南。总结一下感觉和思考的关系，感觉在信任前需要测试，而思考则是测试感情的最合理最可靠的方法。
infallible 英 [ɪn'fælɪb(ə)l] 美 [ɪn'fæləbl]
adj. 绝对可靠的；绝无错误的n. 永远正确的人；绝无谬误的事物
There are three broad categories of thinking: reflective, creative, and critical. The focus of this book is on critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is evaluation. Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest. Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and other people’s statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas in this manner:
译文：
思考有三个大类：反思，创造以及批判性思考。本书的重点是批判性思考；批判性思考的本质是评价。因此，批判性思考可能由我们测试要求和论证的过程定义，决定哪个有优点哪个没有。换句话说，批判性思考是对答案的寻找，是一个测试。不要惊讶，批判性思考力最重要的技术是问探究性问题。非批判性思考者接受自己的第一反应及他人陈述的表明意思，批判性思考者会用下面这种方式挑战所有的观念。
merit英 ['merɪt] 美 ['mɛrɪt]n. 优点，价值；功绩；功过vt. 值得vi. 应受报答
probing /'prəʊbɪŋ,ˋprobɪŋ/ adj.探究的；追根究底的；专注敏锐的；仔细观察的
Thought
Professor Vile cheated me in
my composition grade. He
weighted some themes more
heavily than others.
Before women entered the
work force, there were fewer
divorces. That shows that
a woman’s place is in the home.
A college education isn’t
worth what you pay for it.
Some people never reach
a salary level appreciably higher
than the level they would have
reached without the degree.
思考
Vile教授在我的作文分数上欺骗了我，他更偏重于某些主题。
女人进入工作场所前，离婚的人更少；这表明女人的场所是家庭。
大学教育并不值你为它所付的钱，有些人的薪资从未达到过比他们没有获得学位明显高很多的水平。
Question
Did he grade everyone on the
same standard? Were the different weightings justified?
How do you know that this
factor, and not some other
one(s), is responsible for the
increase in divorces?
Is money the only measure of
the worth of an education?
What about increased understanding of self and life and increased ability to cope with
challenges?
问题
他给相同的标准给每一个人判分吗？不同的权重合理吗？
你是如何知道是这个因素，而非其他某个或某些因素导致离婚率提高的？
钱是和衡量教育价值的唯一标准吗？
对自我和人生理解的增加和处理挑战增加的能力呢？
*Some informal definitions of thinking include daydreaming. It is excluded from this definition because daydreaming is a passive mental state over which we exercise little or no control. It is therefore of little use in evaluating ideas.
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有些思考的不正式定义包括白日梦。这里被排除，因为白日梦是消极的思维状态，我们对此少有或没有控制；因此它对评估思维没有用处。
work force n. 劳动力，劳动大军；劳动人口；（工厂等在职的）工人总数；职工总数
** appreciably**英 [ə'priːʃ(ɪ)əblɪ] adv. 明显地；相当地；可察觉地
Critical thinking also employs questions to analyze issues. Consider, for example, the subject of values. When it is being discussed, some people say, “Our country has lost its traditional values” and “There would be less crime, especially violent crime, if parents and teachers emphasized moral values.” Critical thinking would prompt us to ask,
- What is the relationship between values and beliefs? Between values and convictions?
- Are all values valuable?
- How aware is the average person of his or her values? Is it possible that many people deceive themselves about their real values?
- Where do one’s values originate? Within the individual or outside? In thought or in feeling?
- Does education change a person’s values? If so, is this change always for the better?
- Should parents and teachers attempt to shape children’s values?
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批判性思考同样也会用质疑分析论题。例如，考虑主题的价值。当它被讨论的时候，有人说“我们的国家已经失去了它的传统价值了”，“如果父母和老师强调道德价值，犯罪活动会更少，尤其是暴力犯罪。”批判性思考会促使我们发问：
1、价值和信仰之间的关系是什么？价值和信念之间的关系又是什么？
2、所有的价值观都是有价值的吗？
3、普通人如何意识到TA的价值观？许多人会就他们的真正价值观而自我欺骗吗？
4、一个人的价值观如何形成的？是来自个人本身还是外部？是思维还是感觉？
5、教育会改变一个人的价值观吗？如果可以，这种变化是变好吗？
6、父母和老师应当有意识地培养孩子的价值观吗？
conviction 英 [kən'vɪkʃ(ə)n] 美 [kən'vɪkʃən]
n. 定罪；确信；证明有罪；确信，坚定的信仰