健康知识概括

1. 食用大量膳食纤维可能会减少对哪种矿物质的吸收?锌

2. 胰腺分泌的最重要的激素是什么?
   褪黑激素

3.酒精不需要消化，在空腹时很快就会被吸收，在几分钟内到达大脑。当饮酒时，某些零食会减缓酒精的吸收，使酒精在胃里停留的时间更长。下列零食中，哪一种是最明智的选择?
臀部的牛排

4. 肝脏处理酒精的活性成分是什么?
   苯甲酸

5. 在下面列出的所有原因中，关于不溶性纤维和可溶性纤维的区别，哪一个是不正确的?
   可溶性纤维在结肠中容易被细菌消化，而不可溶性纤维不易发酵。

6. Teri需要减少饮食中的脂肪含量来降低胆固醇。以下哪项对泰瑞来说是正确的?
   她不应该在饮食中减少脂肪

7. 当比较食用碳水化合物后不久对血糖水平的影响时，低GI碳水化合物和高GI碳水化合物有什么区别?
   低GI会使血糖水平飙升

8. 澳大利亚膳食指南的主要目的是什么?
   确保人口中的每一个人都是健康的。

9. 在澳大利亚健康饮食指南中，哪一个答案正确地描述了五种食物中的每一种?
   以上都不是a.香蕉，西兰花c.意大利面，豆腐，胡萝卜。土豆，热土豆片

10. “下面哪一个是最终产品的名字身体使用的燃料，作为能源?”
    核糖核酸

11.一种标准饮料含有多少克酒精?10克

12.基本氨基酸的定义是什么?必需氨基酸需要从饮食中摄取，因为我们无法合成它们。

13.[385]下列哪项不会增加钙的排泄?大豆食品

14.胃的容量大约是多少?1升

15.[ALN]以下哪项不是澳洲膳食指南对澳洲人平均饮食的建议?每个人都应该多吃红肉

16.充足的膳食纤维对大脑功能并不是必不可少的

17.[758]在澳大利亚，导致死亡的最主要因素与饮食和生活方式有关。当试图避免慢性疾病时，下列哪项不被认为是积极的个人行为或因素，可以改变，以减少风险?食用容易获得的食物，不论其营养成分如何。

18.哈维的母亲患有糖尿病。他定期接受血液检查以监测血糖水平。它们应该在什么范围内?3 - 8更易与L

19.为什么脱水会成为老年人的一个问题?药物治疗,认知变化
减少了口渴感

20.[927]一旦确诊,I型糖尿病可以:不能预防或治愈

21.I型糖尿病通常发生在30岁以下的人群中

22.玛丽从未得过心脏病或心血管疾病。她的胆固醇水平应该低于多少?< 5.5更易/ L

23.[SBD]哪一种食用色素源自雌性指虫经干燥和碾碎的身体?胭脂虫红

24.[737]食品标签上的“双甘油酯”是什么营养素的另一种名称?脂肪

25.(作为)下面哪个是不正确的,厂商作各种说法:无脂肪,必须没有脂肪食物

26.[LOK]下列食物中毒的微生物中，哪一种是细菌?大肠杆菌

27.[737]以下哪一种营养素被认为是每100克少量的?20毫克钠

28.[594]在水稻成为生物体的繁殖地之前，你还能留多少天的时间来利用剩余的水稻?必须在48小时内使用

29.[SKD]以下哪一种食物可提供60克碳水化合物?2袋苏丹小吃

30.(墨西哥人)虽然方便,但蛋白质奶昔可能没什么好处吃高蛋白的食物由于:缺乏关键的维生素和矿物质

31.[583]蛋白中含有_________;用于肌肉生长的建筑材料。氨基酸

32.[975]大多数人长大后对哪种食物过敏?不是每个人都能从食物过敏中成长

33.乳糖存在于哪些食物中?一些乳制品，如牛奶和酸奶

34.一顿推荐的赛前餐包括充足的液体和提供:1200到3000千兆焦，主要来自碳水化合物丰富的食物。

35.[MEX]想象你是一名体育营养师，你被要求提供马拉松运动员在比赛中可以食用的3种零食建议。在决定吃什么零食最合适时，下面列出的哪个因素是最不重要的?低GI

1. Eating a lot of dietary fibre is likely to decrease absorption of which mineral? Zinc

2. Which is the most important hormone that the pancreas make?
   Melatonin

3. Alcohol requires no digestion and is quickly absorbed across the walls of an empty stomach, reaching the brain within a few minutes. When drinking alcohol, certain snack foods can slow alcohol absorption, keeping alcohol in the stomach for longer. Of the following snack options, which one would be the smartest option?
   Rump steak

4. What is the active ingredient in alcohol that the liver processes?
   Benzoic acid

5. Of all the reasons listed below, which one is incorrect regarding the differences between insoluble and soluble fibre?
   Soluble fibre is easily digested by bacteria in the colon whereas insoluble fibre is less readily fermented.

6. Teri needs to decrease the amount of fat in her diet to lower cholesterol. Which of the following is true for Teri?
   She shouldn’t decrease fat in her diet

7. When comparing the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels not long after eating them, what is the difference between a low and high GI carb?
   Low GI will spike blood sugar levels

8. What is the main aim of the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
   To make sure that every person in the population is healthy.

9. Which answer correctly describes a food from each of the five food groups in the Australian guide to healthy eating?
   None of the above a. Banana, broccoli c. Pasta, tofu, carrot. D. Potato, hot chips

10. “Which of the following is the name of the end product that the body uses for fuel, as energy?”
    RNA

11.[BGV] How many grams of alcohol are in one standard drink? 10 grams

12.[BGV] What is the definition of an essential amino acid? Essential amino acids need to be consumed from the diet because we cannot synthesise them.

13.[385] Which of the following will not increase calcium excretion? Soy foods

14.[ALN] Approximately, what is the capacity of the stomach? 1 Litre

15.[ALN] Which of the following is not a recommendation made by the Australian Dietary Guidelines regarding the average Australian diet? Everyone should eat more red meat

16.[ALN] Adequate dietary fibre is not essential for: Brain function

17.[758] The most prominent factors that contribute to deaths in Australia have dietary and lifestyle links. When trying to avoid chronic disease, which of the following are not considered positive personal behaviours or factors that can be changed in order to decrease risk? Eating food that is easily accessible regardless of nutrition content.

18.[KWX] Harvey’s mother has diabetes. He regularly gets blood tests to monitor his blood glucose levels. What range should they be within? 3-8 mmol/L

19.[APS] Why may dehydration become a problem in the elderly? Medication, Cognitive changes
Decreased thirst perception All of the above

20.[927] Once diagnosed, Type I Diabetes can: not be prevented or cured

21.[KWX] The onset of Type I Diabetes typically occurs in people: under 30 years

22.[LGT] Mary has never had a heart attack or cardiovascular event. What should her cholesterol level be below? <5.5 mmol/L

23.[SBD] Which food colouring is derived from the dried and ground up bodies of the female Dactylopius coccus insect? Cochineal

24.[737] Which nutrient is “diglycerides” another name for, found on food labels? Fat

25.[SBD] Which of the following is incorrect - for a manufacturer to make various claims: Fat free - must have no fat at all in a food

26.[LOK] Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a bacteria? Escherichia coli

27.[737] Which of the following nutrient figures is considered a small amount per 100g? 20mg of sodium

28.[594] How many days can you leave leftover rice to be used before it becomes a breeding ground for organisms? It has to be used within 48 hours

29.[SKD] Which of the following food options provides 60g carbohydrate? 2 snack packs of sultanas

30.[MEX] Although convenient, protein shakes may not be as beneficial as eating high protein foods due to: lacking key vitamins and minerals

31.[583] Protein contains _________; the building blocks used for muscle growth. amino acids

32.[975] Most people grow out of which food allergies? Not everyone grows out of food allergies

33.[KHT] Which foods is lactose found in? Some dairy food e.g. milk and yoghurt

34.[SKD] A recommended pre-game meal includes plenty of fluids and provides between: 1200 and 3000 kJ, mostly from carbohydrate rich food.

35.[MEX] Imagine you are a sports nutritionist and you have been asked to provide 3 snack suggestions that marathon runners can consume during an event. What factor listed below is the LEAST important in deciding what snacks would be most appropriate? Low GI

1.一个典型的成分是:你希望在食物中找到的主要成分
2.当一个人遵循酮类饮食，他们通常会在最初几天内显着减轻体重。体重的下降不太可能是由什么造成的?脂肪量
3。神经性厌食症患者在寻求临床治疗时，首要的饮食目标是什么?停止进一步的减肥和建立规律的饮食习惯。
4。[SBD]比较同类食物的营养素含量时，以每100克为一栏
5.[SBD]如果一件物品不含93%的脂肪，它还会含有多少脂肪?7%
6.[LOK]下列食物中毒微生物中，哪一种是霉菌或真菌?曲霉属真菌
7.[LOK]“Quorn”产品是由什么天然物质制成的?真菌
8.[SBD]如果食物含有饱和脂肪，你的目标应该是:少于3g/100g
9.[737]食品标签上的“双甘油酯”是什么营养素的另一种名称?脂肪
10.[SBD]哪一种食用色素源自雌性指虫经干燥和碾碎的身体?胭脂虫红
11.[737]完全不吃糖是:没有必要的，不管体重如何
12.[SBD]有多少种防腐剂?五
13.(作为)营养成分如纤维、钾、钙和铁可能是营养信息面板如果上市:索赔是由标签上
14。[594]预包装食品中最常见的污染物是什么?金属
15.[737]以下哪项通常不需要列在营养信息面板上?胆固醇
16.饮食失调引起的营养不良常常会影响大脑的功能和做出正确判断的能力。以下哪些副作用与营养不良无关?增加多巴胺的分泌。
17.在食品标签上，糖有许多不同的名称。当糖蜜被添加到产品中，它所包含的哪些营养成分可能被认为比普通的葡萄糖更有益?钙和铁
18。[737]“植物甾醇有益于心脏健康”的说法属于哪一类食品?这是一个普通的健康声明
19.贝蒂有标有“最好的”和“按日期”的食物。哪一种食物吃得更安全?最好的约会前
20.[594]食物中毒预防的温度“危险区”为何?
21 5-60度。[SBD]食物标签上的配料按重量由高至低排列
22.[LOK]在细菌的所有生长周期中，哪一个周期的细菌复制最多，存活的细菌数量最多?日志相
23.从低碳水化合物生酮饮食的副作用中挑出一个:高血压
24.[737]下列哪项不是含有脂肪的成分?二糖
25.[737]在澳大利亚，可以对食品提出多少预先批准的高水平健康要求?13
26.葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖是糖的名称
27.[SBD]选择面包和谷物，每份含有:3g或以上纤维
28.[SBD]就芝士而言，理想情况下总脂肪应少于:每100克15克
29.[LOK]以下哪项不是PEM的主要原因?低出生率
30.(作为)如果计算实际营养或你将消耗多少千焦(kJ),您应该使用:每列

31.[737]谁监管澳大利亚食品添加剂的使用?FSANZ
32.[737]哪些食用色素来自西红柿?番茄红素
33.[737]避免糖完全是:没有必要,不论体重
34。贝蒂有标有“最好的”和“按日期”的食物。哪一种食物吃得更安全?最好的约会前
35.[426]青春期男孩增重最常用的3种方法是什么?“运动、食物及饮品、膳食产品”
36.[SBD]食物标签上的“酵母提取物”是什么营养素的另一名称?盐
37.当一个人只喝水来禁食时，他们会快速代谢脂肪。如果一公斤的脂肪可以提供30000千焦的能量是真的，那么为什么一个每天消耗8000千焦能量的空腹者每天减掉的脂肪不超过250克呢?因为脂肪的完全分解需要碳水化合物或蛋白质，而当一个人只靠喝水的时候，他们并不消耗这些营养。
38.[737]澳大利亚糖尿病协会目前对选择使用替代甜味剂的消费者有什么建议?他们可以为低脂肪高纤维的饮食计划增加多样性和乐趣。
39.[SBD]比利读过她的麦片包装袋，检查里面的含糖量。据说每100克谷物含有26克糖。根据营养指南的高低，她应该多久吃一次这个?它应该被限制在当下
40.[594]在“健康之星”系统中，食品标签上的最低评级可能是多少?半星
41.[426]蛋白质能量营养不良(PEM)不仅仅是影响第三世界国家的一种形式的营养不良。在以下人群中，哪些人不太可能被诊断为PEM?人生活在孤立的农场在澳大利亚的农村地区
42。[SBD]哪种食物添加剂能改善食物的质地?矿物盐
43.[737]澳大利亚食品标签上必须有多少种食品?9
44.[737]以下哪一种营养素被认为是每100克少量的?20毫克钠
45.[737]一般情况下，根据脂肪含量选择食物时，脂肪含量应小于10g/100g
46.[LOK]下列食物中毒的微生物中，哪一种是细菌?大肠杆菌
47.[737]尼克有一块巧克力，上面写着:每100克巧克力中含有3.7克饱和脂肪。这种食物的饱和脂肪含量是多少?可以适量吃
48。(作为)成分在食品标签上列出:降序排列按重量
49。[737]引起过敏的常见食物包括:鱼和海鲜、麸质和牛奶、黄豆蛋。以上所有
50.[594]糖醇，也被称为多元醇或营养甜味剂，在食用时会产生能量。它们天然存在于水果和蔬菜中，可以添加到加工食品中以增加口感或化学特性。下列哪种糖醇在消耗时产生的能量单位是千焦/克?木糖醇(967)
51.[737]以下哪一种食物组合是不允许的?牛奶和肉类
52。[SBD]哪些食用色素源自金盏花?叶黄素
53.[737]在选择吃加糖食品时，一个常见的误区是，加糖的蜂蜜食品对我们更健康。关于蜂蜜作为甜味剂的说法，下列哪项是不正确的?蜂蜜的密度比糖小，因此溶解方式不同。
54.[737]氢化油、二甘油酯和椰子油都是含有脂肪成分的例子

55.[737]避免糖完全是:没有必要,不论体重
56。[594]以下哪项不是食物过敏原?辣根
57.[SBD]根据法例，下列哪一种食物需要设立营养资料小组?超市里的预包装食品
58.[737]比较每份食物时，每份食物中有多少克纤维被认为是适量的?4克以上
59.以下流行的时尚饮食，哪一种有前提，即一个人可以减肥而不降低千焦的摄入量，如果他们遵循这种饮食?阿特金斯饮食法
60。[594]以下哪种食物中毒微生物是酵母菌?酿酒酵母
61.[737]并不是所有的食品标签都含有纤维素的营养信息
62.(作为)营养成分如纤维、钾、钙和铁可能是营养信息面板如果上市:索赔是由63年标签
。[LOK]选择一个参与准备的人应该做的行为，不要在砧板上切生肉，然后在同一块砧板上切蔬菜
64.[737]哪一年澳大利亚颁布了一项法律，几乎所有的食品都必须有营养信息委员会?2003
65.[737]下列哪一种食物符号对碳水化合物含量、千焦、饱和脂肪、钠、可能还有纤维和钙有严格的标准，以符合使用标准?胃肠道的符号
66.[737]以下哪一种食物你不希望在日期前就能派上用场?巧克力
67.治疗患有消瘦症的儿童的救援人员通常平等地关注于给他们喂食，但也为他们穿衣服保暖。下列哪项不是直接原因?因为受影响的孩子一般都是那个年龄段的孩子，他们可以只穿一些基本的衣服，比如尿布，而且不会有任何伤害。
68.[737]“清淡”或“清淡”不一定指产品:脂肪含量
69.(作为)在食物过敏原:必须确定无论多小数量
70。[426]蛋白质能量营养不良(PEM)不仅仅是影响第三世界国家的一种形式的营养不良。在以下人群中，哪些人不太可能被诊断为PEM?居住在澳大利亚农村偏远农场的人们
71.[737]哪些食品防腐剂来自橡木、桃花心木、胡桃木和红木等木材?丹宁酸
72.[737]如果一种食物有:每份600千焦，那么它可以被归为非必需食物
73.[SBD]以下哪一项是不正确的-制造商作出各种声称:无脂肪-必须没有脂肪的食物
74.一个由22位国家认可的饮食、营养、肥胖、食品心理学、糖尿病和心脏病专家组成的专家小组回顾了25种不同的饮食计划。下列饮食中，哪一种最有效?评分的依据是这种饮食的易用性、短期和长期减肥的能力、营养的完整性、安全性以及预防和管理糖尿病和心脏病的潜力。停止高血压饮食的饮食方法
75.[737]检查食品标签上的前3种成分可以帮助你识别高含量的食品:
钠，添加糖，饱和脂肪。以上所有

76.[737]柠檬黄就是a:颜色的一个例子
77.[洛克]什么不太可能是食物中毒的原因?大肠内的天然肠道细菌。
78.key实验中的男性同时减掉了23%的体重和70%的脂肪
79.[LOK]食物中毒所涉及的下列哪种细菌不需要生长?二氧化碳气体的持续供应。
80.[737]对于牛奶、冰淇淋和酸奶，理想情况下总脂肪应低于:每100克2克
81.[SBD] FSANZ向食品制造商提供了多少预先批准的食品健康关系声明?13
83.[737]如果一种成分在食物中所占的比例小于5%，就不需要列出
84.[SBD]为什么用“每100克”或“每100毫升”比较同类产品较好?每份的大小可能因制造商而异
85.[SBD]净重的定义是?没有包装的食品的重量
86.[SBD]阅读食品标签可以帮助个人:做出更健康的选择，限制每次食用高能量食品，减肥。以上所有
87.[SBD]下列哪项营养素数字被认为是每100克的大量营养素?3 g的纤维
88.[洛克]适用于食物储存的常识法则是什么?“如果有疑问，就把它扔了。”
89.[594]下列哪种食物中毒生物是藻类?蓝藻
90.[737]一项控制食品标签上权利要求书使用的新标准于2013年生效
91.[SBD]食物标签不存在的原因之一是什么?“基于健康声明、益处和研究的产品上市”
92.[SBD]食物标签上“龙舌兰花蜜”的另一种名称是什么营养素?糖
93.[737]哪种食物在腌肉、腊肠和火腿中最常见?硝酸盐
94.以下流行的时尚饮食，哪一种有前提，即一个人可以减肥而不降低千焦的摄入量，如果他们遵循这种饮食?阿特金斯饮食法
95.[SBD]所有的食品添加剂必须通过:澳大利亚和新西兰的食品标准进行评估
96.[737]是哪种食品添加剂使你能够从罐头中提取奶油?推进剂

97.[SBD]下列哪项不是含糖成分?copha
98.[426]贫困国家中患有消瘦症的儿童缺乏能量和蛋白质，因为他们往往以下列哪一种稀释的谷类饮料为主食
99.[737]全世界都在使用同样的食品添加剂编号系统
One hundred.食物标签可以帮助你:对食物作出正确的选择，比较相似的产品，确定食物是否含有添加剂。以上所有
101.[737]保质期小于__________的食品必须在保质期之前或按保质期使用。两年
102.[SBD]当比较每100克的食物时，超过什么水平的食物应该被认为是高盐的?超过600毫克
103.[737]比较每100克食物的主要好处是什么?两者都可以很容易地作为每种营养素的百分比进行比较

柠檬排毒饮食是一个时尚的饮食,因为:所有上述(它承诺极端减肥和提高性欲和它涉及更换餐和不平衡而不合逻辑)
在水稻成为生物体的繁殖地之前，你能留多少天的时间来利用剩余的水稻呢?:最多可冷藏10小时，也可在48小时内使用
卵磷脂是a:以上所有(颜色、防腐剂、乳化剂)
当比较每份食物时，每份食物中有多少克纤维被认为是很好的量:超过4克
“清淡”或“清淡”不一定指产品:脂肪含量
什么年龄的人对每公斤体重的蛋白质需求量最高:7 - 12个月
以下哪项是对饥饿的生物适应?RMR降低(静息代谢率)
母乳喂养对婴儿的主要好处之一是a和c(营养物质的高生物利用度和易于消化)
以下哪一项通常不需要列在营养信息面板胆固醇
“澳大利亚制造”指的是a和b(可能只意味着这里的食物发生了实质性的变化&这里产生了一定比例的生产成本)
下列食物中毒的微生物中，哪一种是病毒?甲型肝炎
“澳大利亚产品”指的是a和b(大部分成分来自澳大利亚，大部分加工过程发生在澳大利亚)
以下哪一种营养素是素食者不可能缺乏维生素C的
keys的实验让男性绝食24周
净重的定义是没有包装的食品的重量
下列哪个陈述是错误的?现代饮食比旧石器时代饮食含有更多的碳水化合物，或者比美国心脏基金会推荐的碳水化合物含量更高
芽孢杆菌和梭菌的耐热内生孢子在沸水中可存活20分钟
以下哪一条不是避免暴饮暴食/挨饿周期计划每两天吃一次高质量的食物的小贴士
哪一个是最正确的?一般来说，标签上的健康声明是靠不住的
如果一件物品的脂肪含量为93%，那么它还含有多少脂肪呢
并非所有的食品标签都含有纤维的营养信息
食品标签上脂肪的另一种营养成分“双甘油酯”是什么
“酵母提取物”是食品标签上盐的另一种营养成分
谁监管澳大利亚FSANZ食品添加剂的使用
在鉴别消瘦和夸希奥科之间的区别时，两种情况的症状是不同的。选择在消瘦但不是夸希奥科的患者中发现的最准确的症状对。在2岁以下的婴儿中发现，PEM发展缓慢。
哪些食物防腐剂来自橡木、桃花心木、胡桃木和红木单宁
低钠食物的钠含量低于120毫克/100克
澳大利亚的食品标签上必须有多少项是9
预包装食品金属中最常见的污染物是什么
在营养信息面板上，碳水化合物被分解，并列出一种成分。哪个是糖(葡萄糖)

吃过最好的食物后再吃也没关系
key实验中的男性同时减掉了a)和b)(体重的23%和总脂肪的70%)
板油、酥油和起酥油是高饱和脂肪成分的别称
哪些食用色素来自万寿菊叶黄素
氢化油、二甘油酯和椰子油都是含有脂肪的成分
比利读过她的麦片包装袋，检查里面的含糖量。据说每100克谷物含有26克糖。根据营养指南的高低，她应该多久吃一次这个?它应该被限制在当下
下列哪一种食物中毒生物是蓝藻细菌
以下哪一项是不正确的-制造商声称各种各样的无脂肪-必须没有脂肪的食物
食品添加剂不具备的改变产品营养的一项功能是什么
对于牛奶、冰淇淋和酸奶来说，脂肪含量最好低于每100克2克
比较每100克食物的主要好处是什么?这两种食物在每种营养素中所占的百分比都很容易比较
下列哪项不是含盐麦芽的配料
FSANZ向食品制造商提供了多少预先批准的食品健康关系声明
当一个人只喝水来禁食时，他们会迅速代谢脂肪。如果一公斤的脂肪可以提供30000千焦的能量是真的，那么为什么一个每天消耗8000千焦能量的空腹者每天减掉的脂肪不超过250克呢?而不是这个，因为脂肪细胞需要不惜任何代价来保存，因为脂肪在休息时提供身体持续能量需求的60%。
下列食物中毒的微生物中，哪一种是大肠杆菌
治疗患有消瘦症的儿童的救援人员通常在给他们喂食的同时也给他们穿衣服保暖。下列哪项不是直接原因?不是因为体内的荷尔蒙受到影响，体温下降
无论食物中的过敏原含量有多低，都必须加以识别
如果一种食物每份含有600kJ，那么它就可以被归为自由裁量食物
食物中毒预防的“危险区”温度是多少度
以下哪一种是半快速时尚节食法5:2节食法
根据法律，下列哪一种食物需要在超级市场的预先包装食品营养信息面板
以下哪一种食物你不希望在巧克力上找到日期的用途
完全不吃糖是没有必要的
食糖标签上的“龙舌兰花蜜”是什么营养素的别称
下列食物中毒的微生物中，哪一种是霉菌或真菌曲霉菌
下列哪项营养素被认为是每100g 3g纤维的大量营养素
当比较每100克的食物时，超过什么水平的食物才算高盐超过600毫克
选择含有3g或更多纤维的面包和谷物
2003年，澳大利亚通过了一项法律，规定几乎所有的食品都必须有营养信息委员会
从低碳水化合物、生酮饮食和高血压的副作用中挑出一种

下列哪一种细菌与食物中毒有关?它们不需要不断地产生二氧化碳气体。
烤箱烤或烤意味着含有脂肪
如果一种成分在食物中所占的比例低于5%，就不需要列出
哪一家食品公司因与雀巢配方奶粉相关的不道德行为而闻名
对于奶酪来说，每100克的脂肪含量应该少于15克
在细菌生长的所有周期中，其中一个周期涉及最多的复制和最多的细菌存活而不是死亡阶段
蛋白质能量营养不良(PEM)不仅仅是影响第三世界国家的一种形式的营养不良。在以下人群中，哪些人不太可能被诊断为PEM?不是这个人住在澳大利亚偏远地区的偏远农场不是成年人
在澳大利亚，有多少预先批准的高水平健康声明可以对食品提出13项
下列哪项不是PEM低出生率的主要原因
一般来说，根据脂肪含量选择食物时，应少于2g/100
哪一种食物添加剂能改善食物矿物盐的质地
五种防腐剂有多少种
柠檬黄就是一种颜色
如标签上注明营养成分，纤维、钾、钙和铁等营养成分可列于营养资料栏内
为什么用“每100克”或“每100毫升”来比较类似的产品比较好?每份的大小可能因制造商而异
对于奶酪来说，每100克的脂肪含量应该少于15克
选择有纤维的面包和谷物
以下哪一种食物组合是不允许的根据洁食指南牛奶和鱼
发展消瘦症的贫困国家的儿童缺乏能量和蛋白质，因为他们往往以下列哪一种食物冲淡谷类饮料为生
食用某些食物后最好在日期前食用是安全的，但可能会导致质量或营养流失
下列关于柠檬排毒饮食的说法中，哪一个是最错误的
常见的食物引起过敏包括上述所有(大豆、鸡蛋蛋白和牛奶鱼和海鲜)

1.肠道菌群对哪些维生素的代谢最负责?
B组维生素
2.I型糖尿病通常发生在30岁以下的人群中
3.肠道菌群消化纤维和复杂蛋白质，为身体提供营养。它们也合成维生素。虽然维生素的量不足以满足人体对维生素的总需求，但它能产生下列哪一种维生素?维生素K
4.中央型肥胖是指腹部脂肪过多
5.在使用体重指数确定健康时，哪个人群的体重类别应该增加两个点?老年人
6.肠道菌群主要分布在消化系统的哪个部分?
大肠
7.我们的肠道菌群被认为对哪种消化紊乱很重要?肠易激综合症
8.下面的一种表型与肠道菌群的自然选择无关。是哪一个?摄入大量蛋白质
9.如果腰围为94厘米或以上(男性)、80厘米或以上(女性)，就有患中央型肥胖的危险，需要减肥
10.食物的热效应(TEF)与摄入的食物能量成正比，通常估计为能量摄入的____ %。最准确地填空:10
11.低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压、胰岛素抵抗和高血脂是代谢综合征的组成部分
12.用来评估糖尿病患者的病情管理状况的持续测量工具叫什么?糖化血红蛋白
13.坚果、水果和蔬菜等食物中有助于天然降低胆固醇的成分叫什么?固醇和固醇
14.【句意】超过半数的澳大利亚人至少有一种代谢综合症。一半
15.下列哪项是I型糖尿病的症状?情绪波动过度口渴，伤口愈合缓慢。以上所有
16.人们可以通过改变饮食来降低代谢综合症的风险吗?多吃天然全麦
17. I型糖尿病占所有糖尿病病例的百分比是多少?10%
18. 下列哪项不是患II型糖尿病的危险因素?低血压
19. 孕期平均推荐增重为:11-16公斤
20.在澳大利亚，导致死亡的最主要因素与饮食和生活方式有关。当试图避免慢性疾病时，下列哪项不被认为是积极的个人行为或因素，可以改变，以减少风险?食用容易获得的食物，不论其营养成分如何。
21.基础代谢率受生活方式和遗传因素的影响。在下面的列表中，选择不会增加BMR的奇数项。禁食。
22.根据AusDiab的研究，在澳大利亚人口中，哪些疾病本身不太可能增加60岁以上的认知障碍和身体残疾的可能性?血压
23. 空腹血糖受损和糖耐量受损有时被称为糖尿病前期
24.以下富含碳水化合物的食物中，哪些不属于低血糖指数?白土豆和茉莉米
25.下列哪个陈述是错误的?幼儿仍然依赖母乳或配方奶粉获取营养
26.当收缩压/舒张压超过什么水平时诊断为高血压?140/90毫米汞柱
27.与可改变的生活方式的危险因素有关
28.下列哪个陈述是正确的?澳大利亚有超过1250个地铁站
29.玛丽从未得过心脏病或心血管疾病。她的胆固醇水平应该低于多少?< 5.5更易/ L
30.预防糖尿病的饮食建议是限制饮食中的饱和脂肪。sat脂肪在饮食中最多应占多少百分比?百分之十
31.澳大利亚人最常见的糖尿病类型是什么?2型
32.山姆被诊断出患有代谢综合症。如果她继续这样做，下列哪项不太可能帮助她控制病情?喝很多含糖的软饮料
33.下列哪项不是II型糖尿病的症状?通过少尿
34.对一些人来说，糖尿病并发症的第一个征兆可能是:心脏病发作、足溃疡、视力问题。以上所有
35.代谢综合症是一组同时发生并增加中风、心脏病、糖尿病风险的病症。以上所有
36.高血压发生在血压高于:140/90mmHg
37.哪些身体过程在某些阶段不需要胆固醇?刺激中枢神经系统
38.II型糖尿病越来越多地发生在儿童和青少年中
39.以下哪一种食物不太可能降低胆固醇水平?神户牛肉
40.3 . d)【句意】当口服药物时，第一个接触和消化的是药物。肠道细菌
41.I型糖尿病通常发生在30岁以下的人群中
42.自19世纪以来，澳大利亚人的平均预期寿命增加了多少年?三十年
43.肠道菌群主要分布在消化系统的哪个部分?大肠
44.以下并发症中，哪一种不太可能与糖尿病有关?失去嗅觉
45.II型糖尿病占所有糖尿病病例的百分比是多少?85 - 90%
46.代谢综合征的原因很复杂，目前还不太清楚，但人们认为有一个原因:基因联系
47.在照顾肠道菌群健康时，从长远来看，每天摄入适量益生菌对预防哪种癌症很重要?结肠
48.玛丽从未得过心脏病或心血管疾病。她的胆固醇水平应该低于多少?< 5.5更易/ L
49.糖耐量受损或空腹血糖受损的人群中有多大比例可能发展成糖尿病?1/3
50.将中央肥胖和种族联系起来，下面哪个民族的腰围不会根据他们的种族而改变?也就是说男性不会低于90厘米，女性不会低于84厘米?澳大利亚
51.人们可以通过改变饮食来降低代谢综合症的风险吗?多吃天然全麦
52.据估计，澳大利亚每人每年消耗的糖的平均量是多少?提示:大部分是作为添加的蔗糖食用的。43公斤
53.肠道菌群对变化非常敏感。以下哪一种可能对肠道菌群的平衡产生负面影响?酒精
54。吃高纤维的食物是有危险的，特别是如果突然吃的话。什么不是预防胃肠道阻塞、放屁、腹泻和腹部不适的好建议?每餐尽量只吃一种纤维。例如，确保所吃的食物只含有可溶性或不可溶性纤维，而不是两者都含有。
55.下列哪个陈述是错误的?幼儿仍然依赖母乳或配方奶粉获取营养
56.过度的渴望和排尿,虚弱,疲劳和视力模糊的症状:I型糖尿病

57.胰岛素的作用是什么?允许身体细胞将葡萄糖(糖)转化为能量

58.当有人被告知患有II型糖尿病时，胰腺中产生胰岛素的细胞通常有多大比例已经消耗殆尽?50 - 70%

59.[LOK]下列食物中毒的微生物中，哪一种是细菌?大肠杆菌
60.当一个人遵循酮类饮食，他们通常会在最初几天内显着减轻体重。体重的下降不太可能是由什么造成的?脂肪量

61.[LOK]“Quorn”产品是由什么天然物质制成的?真菌

62.[SBD]食物标签可以帮助你:确定食物是否含有添加剂，比较相似的产品，对食物作出正确的选择。以上所有
63.(作为)营养成分如纤维、钾、钙和铁可能是营养信息面板如果上市:
索赔了标签
64.[594]在“健康之星”系统中，食品标签上的最低评级可能是多少?半星

65.长期吃低碳水化合物的饮食被认为是一种时髦的饮食。什么身体机能能让人清楚地知道葡萄糖异生已经开始了?尿频增加

66.请用最正确的选项完成句子。“一般来说，标签上的健康声明……

67.[737]如果一种食物有:每份600千焦，那么它可以被归为非必需食物

68.[594]以下哪项不是食物过敏原?辣根

69.贝蒂有标有“最好的”和“按日期”的食物。哪一种食物吃得更安全?最好的约会前

70.[737]保质期小于__________的食品必须在保质期之前或按保质期使用。
两年

71.[SBD]就芝士而言，理想情况下总脂肪应少于:每100克15克

72.[SBD]含有人造甜味剂(如糖醇)的产品上有警告标签，包括“过量食用可能有通便作用”。这个标签什么时候适合贴在食物上?在合理的情况下，吃这种食物会导致一天摄入50克的糖醇。

73.[LOK]以下哪项不是PEM的主要原因?低出生率

74.[洛克]适用于食物储存的常识法则是什么?“如果有疑问，就扔了它。”

75.[737],牛奶,冰­奶油和酸奶总脂肪理想情况下应该如下:2 g / 100 g

76.[737]比较每份食物时，每份食物中有多少克纤维被认为是适量的?4克以上

77.[737]是哪种食品添加剂使你能够从罐头中提取奶油?推进剂

78.[SBD]哪些食用色素源自金盏花?叶黄素

79.[洛克]什么不太可能是食物中毒的原因?大肠内的天然肠道细菌。

80.从低碳水化合物生酮饮食的副作用中挑出一个:高血压

81.[426]贫困国家中患有消瘦症的儿童缺乏能量和蛋白质，因为他们往往以下列哪一种食物为食?稀释谷物饮料

82.当一个人只喝水来禁食时，他们会快速代谢脂肪。如果一公斤的脂肪可以提供30000千焦的能量是真的，那么为什么一个每天消耗8000千焦能量的空腹者每天减掉的脂肪不超过250克呢?因为脂肪的完全分解需要碳水化合物或蛋白质，而当一个人只靠喝水的时候，他们并不消耗这些营养。

83.[737]“植物甾醇有益于心脏健康”的说法属于哪一类食品?这是一个普通的健康声明

84.[737]哪种食物在腌肉、腊肠和火腿中最常见?硝酸盐

85.[737]澳大利亚糖尿病协会目前对选择使用替代甜味剂的消费者有什么建议?他们可以为低脂肪高纤维的饮食计划增加多样性和乐趣。

86.(作为)在食物过敏原:必须确定无论多小

87.[737]尼克有一块巧克力，上面写着:每100克巧克力中含有3.7克饱和脂肪。这种食物的饱和脂肪含量是多少?吃得适量是可以的

88.一个由22位国家认可的饮食、营养、肥胖、食品心理学、糖尿病和心脏病专家组成的专家小组回顾了25种不同的饮食计划。下列饮食中，哪一种最有效?评分的依据是这种饮食的易用性、短期和长期减肥的能力、营养的完整性、安全性以及预防和管理糖尿病和心脏病的潜力。
停止高血压饮食的饮食方法
89.根据测量运动，男人的腰围应该小于:<94厘米
根据测量运动，女性的腰围应该小于:80厘米
90.哪些身体过程在某些阶段不需要胆固醇?刺激中枢神经系统
91.当考虑到身体参加任何活动所需要的能量时，下列哪个因素不影响?强调人在水平。

92.自19世纪以来，澳大利亚人的平均预期寿命增加了多少年?三十年

93.低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压、胰岛素抵抗和高血脂是代谢综合征的组成部分

94.一般建议在怀孕期间体重增加是:11 -­16公斤
95.高血压发生在血压高于:140/90mmHg
96.肠道菌群对变化非常敏感。以下哪一种可能对肠道菌群的平衡产生负面影响?酒精
97.一旦确诊,I型糖尿病可以:不能预防或治愈

98.肠道菌群主要分布在消化系统的哪个部分?大肠
99.肠道菌群在其正确的家在肠道中是多样而丰富的，是由于以下哪一个因素呢?小肠和大肠的pH值为中性，蠕动缓慢，是理想的生长环境。
One hundred.糖尿病发展的哪个阶段可以阻止疾病的发展?Pre­糖尿病
One hundred.糖尿病发展的哪个阶段可以阻止疾病的发展?Pre­糖尿病
101.在使用体重指数确定健康时，哪个人群的体重类别应该增加两个点?老年人
102.胰岛素抵抗的特点是那样有效的身体不使用胰岛素可能在体内,特别是肌肉和肝脏

103.提高甘油三酯和降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇会增加患动脉粥样硬化的风险
104.索菲亚今年20岁，身高170厘米，体重72公斤。根据这些细节，计算她的基础代谢率:6359.87千焦
105.胰岛素的作用是什么?允许身体细胞将葡萄糖(糖)转化为能量
106.下列哪个陈述是错误的?在预算范围内吃得好是不可能的
107.玛丽从未得过心脏病或心血管疾病。她的胆固醇水平应该低于多少?< 5.5更易/ L
108.II型糖尿病的诊断是:当人体细胞对胰岛素没有反应时，当胰岛素不起作用时，胰腺就不能产生足够的胰岛素(减少的产量)。以上所有
109.I型糖尿病的发病通常是突然的，症状明显

110。酒精和糖尿病有什么关系?低血糖
111. I型糖尿病占所有糖尿病病例的百分比是多少?10%
112.以下富含碳水化合物的食物中，哪些不属于低血糖指数?白土豆和茉莉米
113.甘油三酯是由肝脏产生的
114.不健康饮食的常见原因是什么?压力，花费，时间少。以上所有

115.哪种营养对肾脏的功能最重要?水

116.我们的肠道菌群被认为对哪种消化紊乱很重要?肠易激综合症
117.在照顾肠道菌群健康时，从长远来看，每天摄入适量益生菌对预防哪种癌症很重要?结肠
118.根据测量运动，女性的腰围应该小于:80厘米

119.根据测量运动，男人的腰围应该小于:<94厘米

120.哪些身体过程在某些阶段不需要胆固醇?刺激中枢神经系统
121.当考虑到身体参加任何活动所需要的能量时，下列哪个因素不影响?强调人在水平。

122.自19世纪以来，澳大利亚人的平均预期寿命增加了多少年?三十年

123.低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压、胰岛素抵抗和高血脂是代谢综合征的组成部分

124.高血压发生在血压高于:140/90mmHg
125.肠道菌群对变化非常敏感。以下哪一种可能对肠道菌群的平衡产生负面影响?酒精

126.一旦确诊,I型糖尿病可以:不能预防或治愈

127.肠道菌群主要分布在消化系统的哪个部分?大肠
128.肠道菌群在其正确的家在肠道中是多样而丰富的，是由于以下哪一个因素呢?小肠和大肠的pH值为中性，蠕动缓慢，是理想的生长环境。
129.糖尿病发展的哪个阶段可以阻止疾病的发展?Pre­糖尿病
130.在使用体重指数确定健康时，哪个人群的体重类别应该增加两个点?老年人
131.胰岛素抵抗的特点是那样有效的身体不使用胰岛素可能在体内,特别是肌肉和肝脏

132.提高甘油三酯和降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇会增加患动脉粥样硬化的风险
133.索菲亚今年20岁，身高170厘米，体重72公斤。根据这些细节，计算她的基础代谢率:6359.87千焦
134.胰岛素的作用是什么?允许身体细胞将葡萄糖(糖)转化为能量
135.下列哪个陈述是错误的?幼儿仍然依赖母乳或配方奶粉获取营养
136.玛丽从未得过心脏病或心血管疾病。她的胆固醇水平应该低于多少?< 5.5更易/ L
137.II型糖尿病的诊断是:当人体细胞对胰岛素没有反应时，当胰岛素不起作用时，胰腺就不能产生足够的胰岛素(减少的产量)。以上所有

138.I型糖尿病的发病通常是:突然有明显症状

139.以下富含碳水化合物的食物中，哪些不属于低血糖指数?白土豆和茉莉米
140.甘油三酯是由肝脏产生的
141.哪种营养对肾脏的功能最重要?水
142.我们的肠道菌群被认为对哪种消化紊乱很重要?肠易激综合症
143.在照顾肠道菌群健康时，从长远来看，每天摄入适量益生菌对预防哪种癌症很重要?结肠
144.哪个器官负责产生胰岛素?胰腺
145.当收缩压/舒张压超过什么水平时诊断为高血压?140/90毫米汞柱
146.据估计，澳大利亚每人每年消耗的糖的平均量是多少?提示:大部分是作为添加的蔗糖食用的。
43公斤
147.虽然I型糖尿病的确切病因尚不清楚，但我们知道它与家庭有着密切的联系
148.山姆被诊断出患有代谢综合症。如果她继续这样做，下列哪项不太可能帮助她控制病情?喝很多含糖的软饮料
149.代谢综合征的原因很复杂，目前还不太清楚，但人们认为有一个原因:基因联系
150.约翰有代谢综合症。以下哪一种情况是他不太可能发展，因为他已经MetX?乳糖不耐受
151.坚果、水果和蔬菜等食物中有助于天然降低胆固醇的成分叫什么?固醇和固醇
152.自19世纪以来，澳大利亚人的平均预期寿命增加了多少年?三十年
153.根据饮食计划的原则，下列哪个定义与达到适当性的定义相符?当饮食提供足够的能量和足够的营养以满足健康人的需要时，就可以达到这一目标。
154.爱丽丝做了血液测试，胆固醇很高。这意味着哪种类型的胆固醇很可能是高的，哪些是值得关注的?低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
155.胰岛素的作用是什么?允许身体细胞将葡萄糖(糖)转化为能量
156.我们每天消耗的能量中有多少用于基础代谢率?三分之二

157.肠道菌群消化纤维和复杂蛋白质，为身体提供营养。它们也合成维生素。虽然维生素的量不足以满足人体对维生素的总需求，但它能产生下列哪一种维生素?维生素K

158.酒精和糖尿病有什么关系?低血糖

159. 低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压、胰岛素抵抗和高血脂是代谢综合征的组成部分
     160.人体的哪个器官会自然产生胆固醇?肝
     161.下列哪个选项是最正确的?低密度脂蛋白胆固醇可以阻塞动脉，高密度脂蛋白可以防止脂肪堵塞
     162.下列哪项是I型糖尿病的症状?情绪波动，伤口愈合缓慢，极度口渴。以上所有

163.II型糖尿病占所有糖尿病病例的百分比是多少?85 - 90%
164.预防糖尿病的饮食建议是限制饮食中的饱和脂肪。sat脂肪在饮食中最多应占多少百分比?百分之十
165.下列哪一种维生素不是由肠道细菌产生的?维生素D
166.以下哪一种食物不太可能降低胆固醇水平?神户牛肉
167.I型糖尿病占所有糖尿病病例的百分比是多少?10%
168.一些研究人员认为代谢综合征肥胖的起点是什么
169.高血压发生在血压高于:140/90mmHg
170.当有人被告知患有II型糖尿病时，胰腺中产生胰岛素的细胞通常有多大比例已经消耗殆尽?50 - 70%
171.我们的肠道菌群被认为对哪种消化紊乱很重要?肠易激综合症
172.在以下的症状列表中，一个人必须被诊断出多少代谢综合征?中心型肥胖，高血压，高TG，低LDL和不寻常的BSL ?三个

173.3 . d)【句意】当口服药物时，第一个接触和消化的是药物。肠道细菌
174.如果你有家族史，你患II型糖尿病的风险更大
35岁以上，有原住民或托雷斯海峡岛民背景吗
您的年龄在55岁以上
175.一些研究人员认为可能是代谢综合征肥胖
起点吗
176.【句意】超过半数的澳大利亚人至少有一种代谢综合症。一半
177.肠道菌群主要分布在消化系统的哪个部分?大肠
178.在使用体重指数确定健康时，哪个人群的体重类别应该增加两个点?老年人
179.肠道菌群对变化非常敏感。以下哪一种可能对肠道菌群的平衡产生负面影响?酒精
180.过度口渴和排尿、虚弱、疲劳和视力模糊可能是I型糖尿病的症状
181.哈维的妈妈有糖尿病。他定期接受血液检查以监测血糖水平。它们应该在什么范围内?3 - 8更易与L
182.基础代谢被认为是“安静代谢”，占大多数人能量消耗的最大份额。下列哪个过程不是基础代谢率控制的代谢活动?锻炼和散步

183.如果腰围为94厘米或以上(男性)、80厘米或以上(女性)，就有患中央型肥胖的危险，需要减肥
184.约翰有代谢综合症。以下哪一种情况是他不太可能发展，因为他已经MetX?乳糖不耐受
185.提高甘油三酯和降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇会增加患动脉粥样硬化的风险
186. 当考虑到身体参加任何活动所需要的能量时，下列哪个因素不影响?强调人在水平。

187.低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高血压、胰岛素抵抗和高血脂是代谢综合征的组成部分
188.当你在买面包和寻找更健康的产品时，以下哪个选项不是一个好的建议?只看面包的颜色。
189. 肠道菌群在其正确的家在肠道中是多样而丰富的，是由于以下哪一个因素呢?小肠和大肠的pH值为中性，蠕动缓慢，是理想的生长环境。
190.爱丽丝做了血液测试，胆固醇很高。这意味着哪种类型的胆固醇很可能是高的，哪些是值得关注的?低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
191.根据AusDiab的研究，在澳大利亚人口中，哪些疾病本身不太可能增加60岁以上的认知障碍和身体残疾的可能性?血压
192.山姆被诊断出患有代谢综合症。如果她继续这样做，下列哪项不太可能帮助她控制病情?喝很多含糖的软饮料
193.下面哪一个不是由胃肠道细菌在食物分解过程中产生的短链脂肪酸的名称?油酸
194.肠道菌群消化纤维和复杂蛋白质，为身体提供营养。它们也合成维生素。虽然维生素的量不足以满足人体对维生素的总需求，但它能产生下列哪一种维生素?维生素K
195.下列哪个陈述是正确的?澳大利亚有超过1250个地铁站
196.患有中心型肥胖的女性更有可能生下体重多少的婴儿?超重
197.哪种营养对肾脏的功能最重要?水
198.自19世纪以来，澳大利亚人的平均预期寿命增加了多少年?三十年
199.以下哪项对I型糖尿病是正确的?这是一种自我免疫的状态
200.肠道菌群在消化中有许多重要的作用。哪些不是微生物区系所涉及的?从未消化的食物中去除水分以制造粪便
201.下列哪个人的基础代谢率最高?身体健康的男运动员
202.食用大量不溶性纤维对健康有许多益处。吃可溶性纤维比不可溶性纤维有哪些好处?降低患糖尿病的风险
203.下列哪一项有助于减少高血压?减少压力
204.I型糖尿病的发病通常是突然的，症状明显
205.过度的渴望和排尿,虚弱,疲劳和视力模糊的症状:I型糖尿病

206.用来评估糖尿病患者的病情管理状况的持续测量工具叫什么?糖化血红蛋白
207.根据AusDiab的研究，在澳大利亚人口中，哪些疾病本身不太可能增加60岁以上的认知障碍和身体残疾的可能性?血压
208.以下哪一项是对他们晚年的建议?限制酒精，增加乳制品，减少盐的摄入量。以上所有
209.怀孕增加了女性对哪些营养物质的需求?“钙、铁和叶酸”“叶酸、液体和蛋白质”“蛋白质、维生素D和铁”都是上述的
210.肠道菌群对哪些维生素的代谢最负责?B组维生素

1.A characterising ingredient is: the main ingredient you would expect to find in a food
2.When someone follows a ketotic diet, they will often show dramatic weight loss within the first few days. What is this drop in weight unlikely to be made up of? Fat mass
3.When a patient with Anorexia Nervosa seeks clinical treatment, what is considered the first dietary objective? To stop further weight loss and establish regular eating patterns.
4.[SBD] When comparing nutrients in similar food products use: the per 100g column
5.[SBD] If an item is 93% fat free, how much fat would it still contain? 7%
6.[LOK] Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a mould or fungus? Aspergillus
7.[LOK] Which natural substance are “Quorn” products made out of? Fungi
8.[SBD] If a food contains saturated fat, you should aim for: less than 3g/100g
9.[737] Which nutrient is “diglycerides” another name for, found on food labels? Fat
10.[SBD] Which food colouring is derived from the dried and ground up bodies of the female Dactylopius coccus insect? Cochineal
11.[737] Avoiding sugar completely is: not necessary, irrespective of weight
12.[SBD] How many groups of preservatives exist? Five
13.[SBD] Nutrients such as fibre, potassium, calcium and iron may be listed on nutrition information panels if: a claim is made on the label
14.[594] What is the most common contamininant found in pre-packaged foods? Metal
15.[737] Which of the following does not normally have to be listed on a nutrition information panel? cholesterol
16.Malnutrition that occurs in eating disorders often affects the functioning of the brain and the capacity to make judgements appropriately. Of the following side effects, which one is not associated with malnutrition? Increased production of dopamine.
17.[SBD] On food labels, sugars have many different names. When molasses is added to a product, what nutrients does it contain that may be considered slightly more beneficial than plain glucose? Calcium and iron
18.[737] The statement that “plant sterols are good for heart health” is what type of food claim? It is a general level health claim
19.[LOK] Betty has foods marked with both a best before and use by date. Which one is safer to eat beyond the date listed? The best before date
20.[594] What is the temperature ‘danger zone’ in food poisoning prevention? 5-60 degrees
21.[SBD] Ingredients on food labels are listed in: descending order by weight
22.[LOK] Of all the cycles of growth in bacteria, which one involves the most replication and highest number of bacteria alive? Log phase
23.Pick the odd one out of adverse side effects of low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: High blood pressure
24.[737] Which of the following is not an ingredient containing fat? disaccharides
25.[737] How many pre-approved high level heath claims can be made on foods in Australia? 13
26.[SBD] Dextrose, sucrose and fructose are names for: sugars
27.[SBD] Choose breads and cereals with: 3g or more of fibre per serve
28.[SBD] For cheese, total fat should ideally be less than: 15 g per 100g
29.[LOK] Which of the following is NOT a main cause of PEM? Low birth rate
30.[SBD] If calculating the actual amount of a nutrient or how many kilojoules (kJ) you will consume, you should use the: per serve column

31.[737] Who regulates the use of additives in Australian foods? FSANZ
32.[737] Which food colouring is derived from tomatoes? Lycopene
33.[737] Avoiding sugar completely is: not necessary, irrespective of weight
34.[LOK] Betty has foods marked with both a best before and use by date. Which one is safer to eat beyond the date listed? The best before date
35.[426] What are the top 3 weight gain methods that adolescent boys employ to gain weight? “Exercise, food and drink, dietary products”
36.[SBD] Which nutrient is “yeast extract” another name for, found on food labels? Salt
37.[MUH] When a person fasts by drinking water only, they will rapidly metabolise fat. If it’s true that a kilogram of body fat provides 30,000 kilojoules then why does a fasting person who expends 8000 kilojoules a day not lose more than 250 grams of body fat each day? Because the complete breakdown of fat requires carbohydrate or protein and when the person fasts on water only they are not consuming these nutrients.
38.[737] What is the current advice of the Australian Diabetes Council for consumers choosing to use alternative sweeteners? That they can add variety and enjoyment to a low fat and high fibre eating plan.
39.[SBD] Billie has read her cereal packet to check the sugar level in it. It says it has 26 grams of sugar per 100g of cereal. According to the highs and lows nutrition guide, how often should she eat this? It should be limited to now and then
40.[594] What is the lowest rating possible in the Health Star system found on food labels? Half a star
41.[426] Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is not just a form of malnutrition that affects third world countries. Out of the following list of people, which ones are unlikely to be diagnosed with PEM? People who live in isolated farms in rural areas of Australia
42.[SBD] Which type of food additive enhances the texture of the food? Mineral salts
43.[737] How many items must be on an Australian food label? Nine
44.[737] Which of the following nutrient figures is considered a small amount per 100g? 20mg of sodium
45.[737] Generally, when choosing foods based on fat content they should have: less than 10g/100g
46.[LOK] Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a bacteria? Escherichia coli
47.[737] Nick has a chocolate bar and reads that per 100 grams it has 3.7 grams of saturated fat per 100 grams. What level of saturated fat is this for that type of food? It’s ok to eat in moderation
48.[SBD] Ingredients on food labels are listed in: descending order by weight
49.[737] Common foods causing allergies include: fish and seafood, gluten and milk, soybeans eggs. All of the above
50.[594] A sugar alcohol, also known as polyols or nutritive sweeteners do produce energy when eaten. They occur naturally in fruits and vegetables and can be added to processed foods for taste or chemical properties. Which of the following sugar alcohols produces the most energy in kilojoules/gram when consumed? Xylitol (967)
51.[737] Which of the following food combinations is not allowed according to Kosher guidelines? Milk and meat
52. [SBD] Which food colouring is derived from marigolds? Lutein
53.[737] When making a choice to eat sweetened products, it’s a common myth that foods sweetened with honey are more healthy for us. Which of the following statements is not true about honey as a sweetener? Honey is less dense than sugar and hence dissolves differently.
54.[737] Hydrogenated oil, diglycerides and coconut oil are all examples of ingredients containing: fats

55.[737] Avoiding sugar completely is: not necessary, irrespective of weight
56.[594] Of the following list, which is not a food allergen? Horseradish
57.[SBD] By law, which of the following foods would require a nutrition information panel? Pre-packaged food in supermarkets
58.[737] When comparing foods per SERVE, how many grams of fibre per serve is cosidered a good amount? More than 4 grams
59.Of the following popular fad diets, which one has the premise that an individual can lose weight without lowering kilojoule intake if they follow this diet? The Atkins diet
60.[594] Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a yeast? Saccharomyces cerevisiae
61.[737] Not all food labels include nutrition information for: fibre
62.[SBD] Nutrients such as fibre, potassium, calcium and iron may be listed on nutrition information panels if: a claim is made on the label
63.[LOK] Pick which behaviour a person involved in preparation should do Never cut raw meat on a chopping board then vegetables on the same board
64.[737] In which year was an Australian law introduced that virtually all foods must carry a nutrition information panel? 2003
65.[737] Which of the following food symbols has strict criteria for carbohydrate content, kilojoules, saturated fat, sodium and possibly fibre and calcium to qualify for use? The GI symbol
66.[737] Which of the following foods would you not expect to find a use by date on? Chocolate
67.[MUH] Aid workers who treat children with marasmus often focus equally on feeding them but also clothing them to keep them warm. Which of the following is not a direct reason why? Because the children affected tend to be in the age group that they can wear just basic clothing such as nappies without any harm anyway.
68.[737] The term 'lite’or ‘light’ does not necessarily refer to a products: fat content
69.[SBD] Allergens in foods: must be identified no matter how small the amount
70.[426] Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is not just a form of malnutrition that affects third world countries. Out of the following list of people, which ones are unlikely to be diagnosed with PEM? People who live in isolated farms in rural areas of Australia
71.[737] Which food preservative comes from wood such as oak, mahogany, walnut and redwood? Tannins
72.[737] A food can be classified as discretionary if it has: 600kJ per serve
73.[SBD] Which of the following is incorrect - for a manufacturer to make various claims: Fat free - must have no fat at all in a food
74.A panel of 22 nationally recognised experts in diet, nutrition, obesity, food psychology, diabetes and heart disease reviewed 25 different eating plans. Of the following diets, which one came out on top? Ratings were given based on how easy the diet is to follow, its ability to produce short and long term weight loss, its nutritional completeness, its safety and its potential for preventing and managing diabetes and heart disease. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet
75.[737] Checking the first 3 ingredients on a food label can help you to identify items high in:
Sodium, added sugar, saturated fat. All of the above

76.[737] Tartrazine is an example of a: colour
77.[LOK] What is not likely to be a cause for food poisoning? The natural gut bacteria that live in the large intestines.
78.[MUH] The men in the Keys Experiment lost: 23% of body weight and 70% of total fat at the same time
79.[LOK] Which of the following do bacteria involved in food poisoning not need to grow? A constant supply of carbon dioxide gas.
80.[737] For milk, ice-cream and yoghurt total fats should ideally be below: 2g per 100g
81.[SBD] How many pre-approved food health relationship statements does FSANZ provide to food manufacturers? 13
83.[737] An ingredient does not need to be listed if it makes up less than: 5% of a food
84.[SBD] Why is it better to use ‘per 100g’ or ‘per 100mL’ to compare similar products? the size of one serving may differ between manufacturers
85.[SBD] The definition of the net weight is? The weight of the food without the packaging
86.[SBD] Reading food labels can help individuals to: make healthier choices, limit foods that are high in energy per serve, lose weight. All of the above
87.[SBD] Which of the following nutrient figures is considered to be a large amount per 100g? 3g of fibre
88.[LOK] What is the commonsense rule that applies to food storage? “If in doubt, throw it out”
89.[594] Which of the following food poisoning organisms is an algae? Cyanobacteria
90.[737] A new standard to control the use of claims on food labels came into effect in: 2013
91.[SBD] What is not one of the reasons that food labels exist? “To market products based on health claims, benefits and studies”
92.[SBD] Which nutrient is “agave nectar” another name for, on a food label? Sugar
93.[737] Which food prservative is most commonly found in cured meats, salamis and ham? Nitrates
94.Of the following popular fad diets, which one has the premise that an individual can lose weight without lowering kilojoule intake if they follow this diet? The Atkins diet
95.[SBD] All food additives must be assessed by: Food Standards Australia New Zealand
96.[737] What type of food additive is responsible for allowing you to get cream out of a can? Propellants

97.[SBD] Which of the following is not an ingredient containing sugar? copha
98.[426] Children in impoverished countries who develop marasmus are lacking in energy and protein because they tend to live on which of the following Diluted cereal drinks
99.[737] The same food additive numbering system is used: throughout the world
100.[SBD] Food labels can help you to: make good choices about food, compare similar products, determine if foods contain additives. All of the above
101.[737] Foods with a shelf life of less than __________ must have a best before or use by date. Two years
102.[SBD] When comparing foods per 100 grams, over what level should a food be considered high in salt? Over 600mg
103.[737] What is the main benefit of comparing foods by the per 100g columns? Both can easily be compared as a percentage of each nutrient

Quiz3 资料整理，红字部分为答案
The Lemon Detox Diet is an example of a fad diet because：All of the above(It promises extreme weight loss and increased sex drive & It involves replacing meals & It is unbalanced and illogical)
How many days can you leave leftover rice to be used before it becomes a breeding ground for organisms? : It can be refridgerated maximum 10 hours OR It has to be used within 48 hours
Lecithin is a: all of the above (colour, preservative, emulsifier)
When comparing foods per SERVE, how many grams of fibre per serve is cosidered a good amount : More than 4 grams
The term 'lite’or ‘light’ does not necessarily refer to a products :fat content
At what age do humans have the highest requirement of protein per kg of body weight: 7 - 12 months
Which of the following is a biological adaption to starvation? Reduction in RMR (Resting Metabolic Rate)
One of the main benefits of breastfeeding for the baby is Both a and c (High bioavailability of nutrients & Easy to digest
Which of the following does not normally have to be listed on a nutrition information panel cholesterol
‘Made in Australia’ means that both a and b (may only mean that food was substantially transformed here & that a certain proportion of production costs were incurred here
Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a virus? Hepatitis A
'Product of Australia’means that both a and b (most ingredients come from Australia & majority of processing occurs in Australia
Which nutrient of the following is a vegetarian not likely to be deficient in Vitamin C
The keys experiment starved men for how long24 weeks
The definition of the net weight is The weight of the food without the packaging
Which of the following statements is FALSE. The modern diet Contains more carbohydrates than the Paleolithic diet OR Is higher in carbohydrates than recommended by the American Heart Foundation
How long can the heat resistant endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium survive in boiling water for Twenty minutes
Which of the following is NOT a tip for avoiding the binge/starve cycle Plan to have a good-quality treat once every two days
Which is most correct? As a general rule, health claims on labels shouldn’t be relied upon
If an item is 93% fat free, how much fat would it still contain 7%
Not all food labels include nutrition information for fibre
Which nutrient is “diglycerides” another name for, found on food labels Fat
Which nutrient is “yeast extract” another name for, found on food labels salt
Who regulates the use of additives in Australian foods FSANZ
When distinguishing the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor, symptoms are not the same for both conditions. Pick the most accurate pair of symptoms that are found in patients with marasmus but not kwashiorkor. Found in infants less than 2 years old and the PEM develops slowly.
Which food preservative comes from wood such as oak, mahogany, walnut and redwood Tannins
Low sodium foods have less than 120mg/100g
How many items must be on an Australian food label nine
What is the most common contamininant found in pre-packaged foods metal
On a nutrient informatin panel, carbohydrates are broken down and a component is listed. Which one is this Sugars (glucose)
It is fine to eat food after the best before date
The men in the Keys Experiment lost Both a) and b) (23% of their body weight 70% of their total fat)
Suet, ghee and vegetable shortening are other names for ingredients high in saturated fat
Which food colouring is derived from marigolds Lutein
Hydrogenated oil, diglycerides and coconut oil are all examples of ingredients containing fats
Billie has read her cereal packet to check the sugar level in it. It says it has 26 grams of sugar per 100g of cereal. According to the highs and lows nutrition guide, how often should she eat this? It should be limited to now and then
Which of the following food poisoning organisms is an algae Cyanobacteria
Which of the following is incorrect - for a manufacturer to make various claims Fat free - must have no fat at all in a food
What is the one function that food additives do not fulfil Altering the nutrition of a product
For milk, ice-cream and yoghurt total fats should ideally be below2g per 100g
What is the main benefit of comparing foods by the per 100g columns Both can easily be compared as a percentage of each nutrient
Which of the following is not an ingredient containing salt malt
How many pre-approved food health relationship statements does FSANZ provide to food manufacturers 13
When a person fasts by drinking water only, they will rapidly metabolise fat. If it’s true that a kilogram of body fat provides 30,000 kilojoules then why does a fasting person who expends 8000 kilojoules a day not lose more than 250 grams of body fat each day? NOT THIS ONE Because fat cells need to be conserved at any cost, as fat supplies 60% of the body’s ongoing energy needs during rest.
Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a bacteria Escherichia col
Aid workers who treat children with marasmus often focus equallyon feeding them but also clothing them to keep them warm. Which of the following is not a direct reason why? NOT THIS ONE Because the hormones inside the body have been affected and the body temperature drops
Allergens in foods must be identified no matter how small the amount
A food can be classified as discretionary if it has 600kJ per serve
What is the temperature ‘danger zone’ in food poisoning prevention 5-60 degrees
Which of the following is a semi-fast fad diet The 5:2 diet
By law, which of the following foods would require a nutrition information panel pre-packaged food in supermarkets
Which of the following foods would you not expect to find a use by date on chocolate
Avoiding sugar completely is not necessary
Which nutrient is “agave nectar” another name for, on a food label Sugar
Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a mould or fungus Aspergillus
Which of the following nutrient figures is considered to be a large amount per 100g 3g of fibre
When comparing foods per 100 grams, over what level should a food be considered high in salt Over 600mg
Choose breads and cereals with 3g or more of fibre per serve
In which year was an Australian law introduced that virtually all foods must carry a nutrition information panel 2003
Pick the odd one out of adverse side effects of low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets High blood pressure
Which of the following do bacteria involved in food poisoning not need to grow A constant supply of carbon dioxide gas.
Oven baked or toasted implies the inclusion of fat
An ingredient does not need to be listed if it makes up less than5% of a food
Which food company is known for unethical practices related to formula Nestle
For cheese, total fat should ideally be less than15 g per 100g
Of all the cycles of growth in bacteria, which one involves the most replication and highest number of bacteria alive not Death phase
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is not just a form of malnutrition that affects third world countries. Out of the following list of people, which ones are unlikely to be diagnosed with PEM? NOT THIS ONE People who live in isolated farms in rural areas of Australia not adults
How many pre-approved high level heath claims can be made on foods in Australia 13
Which of the following is NOT a main cause of PEM Low birth rate
Generally, when choosing foods based on fat content they should have less than 2g/100
Which type of food additive enhances the texture of the food Mineral salts
How many groups of preservatives exist five
Tartrazine is an example of a colour
Nutrients such as fibre, potassium, calcium and iron may be listed on nutrition information panels if a claim is made on the label
Why is it better to use ‘per 100g’ or ‘per 100mL’ to compare similar products? the size of one serving may differ between manufacturers
For cheese, total fat should ideally be less than15 g per 100g
Choose breads and cereals with fibre
Which of the following food combinations is not allowed according to Kosher guidelines Milk and fish
Children in impoverished countries who develop marasmus are lacking in energy and protein because they tend to live on which of the following types of food Diluted cereal drinks
Eating certain food after the best before date is safe, but may result in quality or nutrient loss
Which of the following statements regarding the lemon detox diet is most FALSE All you consume is lemon juice
Common foods causing allergies include all of the above（soybeans and eggs gluten and milk fish and seafood）

1.Which vitamin(s) are the gut flora most responsible for the metabolism of?
B group vitamins
2.The onset of Type I Diabetes typically occurs in people: under 30 years
3.Gut flora digest fibres and complex proteins and produce nutrients for the body. They also synthesise vitamins. Which of the following vitamins does it make, although the amount is insufficient to meet the body’s total need for the vitamin? Vitamin K
4.Central obesity refers to: having excess fat around the abdomen
5.When determining health using the Body Mass Index, the weight categories should be increased by two points for which population? The elderly
6.Which part of the digestive system are most of the gut flora found?
Large intestine
7.The gut flora that we have is thought to be important to which digestive disorder? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
8.One of the following phenomnenon is not linked to the natural culling of gut flora. Which one is it? Eating lots of protein
9.Someone may be at risk of central obesity and need to lose weight if their waist measures: 94cm or more (men) or 80cm or more (women)
10.The thermic effect of food (TEF) is proportional to the food energy ingested and is usually estimated at ____ % of energy intake. Fill in the gap most accurately: Ten
11.Low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and high blood triglycerides are components of: Metabolic syndrome
12.What is the ongoing measurement tool used to assess how well diabetics are managing their condition called? HbA1C
13.What is the name of the component in foods such as nuts, fruits and vegetables that helps to lower cholesterol naturally? Sterols and stanols
14.More than _______ of all Australian’s have at least one Metabolic syndrome condition. half
15.Which of the following are symptoms of Type I Diabetes? mood swings being excessively thirsty, having cuts that heal slowly . All of the above
16.Which dietary change could someone make to reduce their risk of Metabolic syndrome? eat plenty of natural wholegrains
17. Type I Diabetes represents what percentage of all cases of diabetes? 10%
18. Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing Type II diabetes? low blood pressure
19. The average recommended weight gain during pregnancy is: 11-16kg
20.The most prominent factors that contribute to deaths in Australia have dietary and lifestyle links. When trying to avoid chronic disease, which of the following are not considered positive personal behaviours or factors that can be changed in order to decrease risk? Eating food that is easily accessible regardless of nutrition content.
21.The basal metabolic rate is affected by lifestyle and genetic factors. Of the following list, pick the odd one out that will not increase the BMR. Going on a fasting diet.
22.According to the AusDiab study, which disease was not likely to increase the likelihood of cognitive impairment and physical disability over the age of 60 amongst the Australian population (by itself)? Blood pressure
23. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are sometimes referred to as: Pre-diabetes
24.Of the following carbohydrate rich foods, which ones are not considered low GI? White potato and Jasmine rice
25.Which of the following statements is false? Toddlers are still reliant on breast milk or formula for nutrients
26.High blood pressure is diagnosed when systolic/diastolic is over what level? 140/90 mmHg
27.______ is associated with modifiable lifestyle risk factors .Type II Diabetes
28.Which of the following statements is true? Australia has more than 1250 Subway outlets
29.Mary has never had a heart attack or cardiovascular event. What should her cholesterol level be below? <5.5 mmol/L
30.Dietary advice to prevent diabetes is to limit saturated fat in the diet. What percent should sat fats make up in the diet at a maximum? Ten percent
31.Which type of diabetes is the most common amongst the Australian population? Type 2
32.Sam has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Which of the following is not likely to help her manage her condition if she continues to do it? Drinking lots of sugary softdrinks
33.Which of the following is not a symptom of Type II Diabetes? passing less urine
34.For some, the first sign of a diabetic complication may be: Heart attack, Foot ulcer, Vision problems. All of the above
35.Metabolic syndrome is a collection of conditions that occur together and increase the risk of: Stroke, Heart disease, Diabetes. All of the above
36.Hypertension occurs when blood pressure is any higher than: 140/90mmHg
37.Which bodily process does not require cholesterol at some stage? Stimulating the central nervous system
38.Type II diabetes is increasingly occurring amongst: children and adolescents
39.A diet rich in which of the following foods is not likely to reduce cholesterol levels? Wagyu beef
40.When medication is orally consumed, the _______ is the first to encounter and digest the medicine. gut bacteria
41.The onset of Type I Diabetes typically occurs in people: under 30 years
42.Since the 1800’s, how many years has the average Australian life expectancy risen? Thirty years
43.Which part of the digestive system are most of the gut flora found? Large intestine
44.Of the following complications, which one is not likely to be tied to having diabetes? Loss of smell
45.Type II Diabetes represents what percentage of all cases of Diabetes? 85-90%
46.The causes of Metabolic Syndrome are complex and not well-understood, but there’s thought to be a: Genetic link
47.When caring for the health of gut flora, haiving a healthy dose of probiotics each day is important in the long term for protecting against which type of cancer? Colon
48.Mary has never had a heart attack or cardiovascular event. What should her cholesterol level be below? <5.5 mmol/L
49.What proportion of people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose are likely to develop diabetes? 1/3
50.Linking central obesity and ethnicity, which of the following ethnicities will not have a modified waist circumference according to their ethnicity? Ie it won’t be shifted lower than 90cm for males and 84cm for females? Australian
51.Which dietary change could someone make to reduce their risk of Metabolic syndrome? eat plenty of natural wholegrains
52.What is the estimated average amount of sugar that each person in Australia consumes each year? Hint: most of this is consumed as added cane sugar. 43 kilograms
53.Gut flora are pretty sensitive to change. Which of the following is likely to negatively disrupt the balance of gut flora? Alcohol
54.There are dangers associated with consuming a diet very high in fibre especially if done out of the blue. What is not a good recommendation to prevent obstructions to the GI tract, getting gas, diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort? Try to only consume one type of fibre with any one meal. For example make sure that the foods eaten only have either soluble or insoluble fibre in them but not both.
55.Which of the following statements is false? Toddlers are still reliant on breast milk or formula for nutrients
56.Excessive thirst and urination, weakness, fatigue and blurred vision may be symptoms of: Type I Diabetes

57.What is insulin responsible for? allowing the body’s cells to turn glucose (sugar) into energy

58.By the time someone is told they have Type II Diabetes, what percentage of insulin producing cells in the pancreas have usually worn out? 50-70%

59.[LOK] Which of the following food poisoning organisms is a bacteria? Escherichia coli
60.When someone follows a ketotic diet, they will often show dramatic weight loss within the first few days. What is this drop in weight unlikely to be made up of? Fat mass

61.[LOK] Which natural substance are “Quorn” products made out of? Fungi

62.[SBD] Food labels can help you to: determine if foods contain additives, compare similar products, make good choices about food. All of the above
63.[SBD] Nutrients such as fibre, potassium, calcium and iron may be listed on nutrition information panels if: a claim is made on the label

64.[594] What is the lowest rating possible in the Health Star system found on food labels? Half a star

65.Eating a low carbohydrate diet for a long period of time is considered a fad diet. What bodily function can give someone a good idea that gluconeogensis has begun? Increased frequency of urination

66.[SBD] Please complete the sentence with the most correct option. “As a general rule, health claims on labels…” shouldn’t be relied upon

67.[737] A food can be classified as discretionary if it has: 600kJ per serve

68.[594] Of the following list, which is not a food allergen? Horseradish

69.[LOK] Betty has foods marked with both a best before and use by date. Which one is safer to eat beyond the date listed? The best before date

70.[737] Foods with a shelf life of less than __________ must have a best before or use by date. two years

71.[SBD] For cheese, total fat should ideally be less than: 15 g per 100g

72.[SBD] Products that have artificial sweetners such as sugar alcohols have warning labels on them including “excess consumption may have a laxative effect”. When is it appropriate for this label to be put on the food? When it is reasonable that eating that food could lead to the ingestion of 50 grams of sugar alcohols in one day.

73.[LOK] Which of the following is NOT a main cause of PEM? Low birth rate

74.[LOK] What is the commonsense rule that applies to food storage? ‘If in doubt, throw it out’

75.[737] For milk, ice­cream and yoghurt total fats should ideally be below: 2g per 100g

76.[737] When comparing foods per SERVE, how many grams of fibre per serve is cosidered a good amount? More than 4 grams

77.[737] What type of food additive is responsible for allowing you to get cream out of a can? Propellants

78.[SBD] Which food colouring is derived from marigolds? Lutein

79.[LOK] What is not likely to be a cause for food poisoning? The natural gut bacteria that live in the large intestines.

80.Pick the odd one out of adverse side effects of low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: High blood pressure

81.[426] Children in impoverished countries who develop marasmus are lacking in energy and protein because they tend to live on which of the following types of food? Diluted cereal drinks

82.[MUH] When a person fasts by drinking water only, they will rapidly metabolise fat. If it’s true that a kilogram of body fat provides 30,000 kilojoules then why does a fasting person who expends 8000 kilojoules a day not lose more than 250 grams of body fat each day? Because the complete breakdown of fat requires carbohydrate or protein and when the person fasts on water only they are not consuming these nutrients.

83.[737] The statement that “plant sterols are good for heart health” is what type of food claim? It is a general level health claim

84.[737] Which food prservative is most commonly found in cured meats, salamis and ham? Nitrates

85.[737] What is the current advice of the Australian Diabetes Council for consumers choosing to use alternative sweeteners? That they can add variety and enjoyment to a low fat and high fibre eating plan.

86.[SBD] Allergens in foods: must be identified no matter how small the amount

87.[737] Nick has a chocolate bar and reads that per 100 grams it has 3.7 grams of saturated fat per 100 grams. What level of saturated fat is this for that type of food? It’s ok to eat in moderation

88.A panel of 22 nationally recognised experts in diet, nutrition, obesity, food psychology, diabetes and heart disease reviewed 25 different eating plans. Of the following diets, which one came out on top? Ratings were given based on how easy the diet is to follow, its ability to produce short and long term weight loss, its nutritional completeness, its safety and its potential for preventing and managing diabetes and heart disease.
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet
89.According to the Measure Up campaign, men should have a wasit circumference less than: <94cm
According to the Measure Up campaign, women should have a wasit circumference less than: 80cm
90.Which bodily process does not require cholesterol at some stage? Stimulating the central nervous system
91.When considering the amount of energy that is required by the body to take part in any activity, which of the following factors is not influential? Level of stress that the person is under.

92.Since the 1800’s, how many years has the average Australian life expectancy risen? Thirty years

93.Low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and high blood triglycerides are components of: Metabolic syndrome

94.The average recommended weight gain during pregnancy is: 11-­16kg
95.Hypertension occurs when blood pressure is any higher than: 140/90mmHg
96.Gut flora are pretty sensitive to change. Which of the following is likely to negatively disrupt the balance of gut flora? Alcohol
97.Once diagnosed, Type I Diabetes can: not be prevented or cured

98.Which part of the digestive system are most of the gut flora found? Large intestine
99.Gut flora in their correct home in the gut are diverse and abundant due to which of the following factors? The small and large intestine has a neutral pH and peristalsis is slow which are ideal for growth.
100.Which stage of the development of diabetes is it possible to stop the progression of the disease? Pre­diabetes
101.When determining health using the Body Mass Index, the weight categories should be increased by two points for which population? The elderly
102.Insulin resistance is characterised by the body not using insulin as effectively as it could in the body, especially, the muscles and liver

103.Raised triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol increases ones risk of: Atherosclerosis
104.Sophia is 20 years old, is 170cm tall and weighs 72 kilograms. Given these details, calculate her basal metabolic rate: 6359.87 kilojoules
105.What is insulin responsible for? allowing the body’s cells to turn glucose (sugar) into energy
106.Which of the following statements is false? It s impossible to eat well on a budget
107.Mary has never had a heart attack or cardiovascular event. What should her cholesterol level be below? <5.5 mmol/L
108.Type II diabetes is diagnosed when: when the cells of the body do not respond to insulin, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (reduced production) when insulin does not work effectively. all of the above
109.The onset of Type I Diabetes is usually: abrupt with obvious symptoms

110.What is the danger associated with alcohol and diabetes? Hypoglycaemia
111. Type I Diabetes represents what percentage of all cases of diabetes? 10%
112.Of the following carbohydrate rich foods, which ones are not considered low GI? White potato and Jasmine rice
113.Triglycerides are produced by the: liver
114.What are some common reasons for not eating well? Stress, expense, time poor. All of the above

115.Which nutrient is most important to the functioning of the kidneys? Water

116.The gut flora that we have is thought to be important to which digestive disorder? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
117.When caring for the health of gut flora, haiving a healthy dose of probiotics each day is important in the long term for protecting against which type of cancer? Colon
118.According to the Measure Up campaign, women should have a wasit circumference less than: 80cm

119.According to the Measure Up campaign, men should have a wasit circumference less than: <94cm

120.Which bodily process does not require cholesterol at some stage? Stimulating the central nervous system
121.When considering the amount of energy that is required by the body to take part in any activity, which of the following factors is not influential? Level of stress that the person is under.

122.Since the 1800’s, how many years has the average Australian life expectancy risen? Thirty years

123.Low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and high blood triglycerides are components of: Metabolic syndrome

124.Hypertension occurs when blood pressure is any higher than: 140/90mmHg
125.Gut flora are pretty sensitive to change. Which of the following is likely to negatively disrupt the balance of gut flora? Alcohol

126.Once diagnosed, Type I Diabetes can: not be prevented or cured

127.Which part of the digestive system are most of the gut flora found? Large intestine
128.Gut flora in their correct home in the gut are diverse and abundant due to which of the following factors? The small and large intestine has a neutral pH and peristalsis is slow which are ideal for growth.
129.Which stage of the development of diabetes is it possible to stop the progression of the disease? Pre­diabetes
130.When determining health using the Body Mass Index, the weight categories should be increased by two points for which population? The elderly
131.Insulin resistance is characterised by the body not using insulin as effectively as it could in the body, especially, the muscles and liver

132.Raised triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol increases ones risk of: Atherosclerosis
133.Sophia is 20 years old, is 170cm tall and weighs 72 kilograms. Given these details, calculate her basal metabolic rate: 6359.87 kilojoules
134.What is insulin responsible for? allowing the body’s cells to turn glucose (sugar) into energy
135.Which of the following statements is false? Toddlers are still reliant on breast milk or formula for nutrients
136.Mary has never had a heart attack or cardiovascular event. What should her cholesterol level be below? <5.5 mmol/L
137.Type II diabetes is diagnosed when: when the cells of the body do not respond to insulin, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (reduced production) when insulin does not work effectively. all of the above

138.The onset of Type I Diabetes is usually: abrupt with obvious symptoms

139.Of the following carbohydrate rich foods, which ones are not considered low GI? White potato and Jasmine rice
140.Triglycerides are produced by the: liver
141.Which nutrient is most important to the functioning of the kidneys? Water
142.The gut flora that we have is thought to be important to which digestive disorder? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
143.When caring for the health of gut flora, haiving a healthy dose of probiotics each day is important in the long term for protecting against which type of cancer? Colon
144.Which organ is responsible for producing insulin? Pancreas
145.High blood pressure is diagnosed when systolic/diastolic is over what level? 140/90 mmHg
146.What is the estimated average amount of sugar that each person in Australia consumes each year? Hint: most of this is consumed as added cane sugar.
43 kilograms
147.Although the exact cause of Type I Diabetes is not yet known, we know it has strong: family links
148.Sam has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Which of the following is not likely to help her manage her condition if she continues to do it? Drinking lots of sugary softdrinks
149.The causes of Metabolic Syndrome are complex and not well-understood, but there’s thought to be a: Genetic link
150.John has metabolic syndrome. Which of the following conditions is he not likely to develop because he has MetX? Lactose intolerance
151.What is the name of the component in foods such as nuts, fruits and vegetables that helps to lower cholesterol naturally? Sterols and stanols
152.Since the 1800’s, how many years has the average Australian life expectancy risen? Thirty years
153.According to the principles of diet-planning, which of the following definitions matches that of achieving adequacy? It is achieved when a diet provides sufficient energy and enough of all the nutrients to meet the needs of healthy people.
154.Alice had a blood test and has high cholesterol. Which type of cholesterol does that mean is likely to be high which will be of concern? LDL cholesterol
155.What is insulin responsible for? allowing the body’s cells to turn glucose (sugar) into energy
156.How much of the energy that we expend each day goes towards the basal metabolic rate? Two thirds

157.Gut flora digest fibres and complex proteins and produce nutrients for the body. They also synthesise vitamins. Which of the following vitamins does it make, although the amount is insufficient to meet the body’s total need for the vitamin? Vitamin K

158.What is the danger associated with alcohol and diabetes? Hypoglycaemia

159. Low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and high blood triglycerides are components of: Metabolic syndrome
     160.Which organ in the body makes cholesterol naturally? Liver
     161.Which of the following is most correct? LDL cholesterol can block arteries and HDL can protect against fatty blockages
     162.Which of the following are symptoms of Type I Diabetes? Mood swings, having cuts that heal slowly, being excessively thirsty. All of the above

163.Type II Diabetes represents what percentage of all cases of Diabetes? 85-90%
164.Dietary advice to prevent diabetes is to limit saturated fat in the diet. What percent should sat fats make up in the diet at a maximum? Ten percent
165.Which of the following vitamins are not produced by gut bacteria? Vitamin D
166.A diet rich in which of the following foods is not likely to reduce cholesterol levels? Wagyu beef
167.Type I Diabetes represents what percentage of all cases of diabetes? 10%
168.What do some researchers consider could be a starting point for Metabolic syndrome Obesity
169.Hypertension occurs when blood pressure is any higher than: 140/90mmHg
170.By the time someone is told they have Type II Diabetes, what percentage of insulin producing cells in the pancreas have usually worn out? 50-70%
171.The gut flora that we have is thought to be important to which digestive disorder? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
172.In the following list of symtoms, how many must a person have to be diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome? Central obesity, high BP, high TG’s, low LDL and unusual BSL’s? Three

173.When medication is orally consumed, the _______ is the first to encounter and digest the medicine. gut bacteria
174.You are at greater risk of Type II Diabetes if: you have a family history
are over 35 years of age and from an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander background
you are over 55 years of age all of the above
175.What do some researchers consider could be a starting point for Metabolic syndrome Obesity

176.More than _______ of all Australian’s have at least one Metabolic syndrome condition. half
177.Which part of the digestive system are most of the gut flora found? Large intestine
178.When determining health using the Body Mass Index, the weight categories should be increased by two points for which population? The elderly
179.Gut flora are pretty sensitive to change. Which of the following is likely to negatively disrupt the balance of gut flora? Alcohol
180.Excessive thirst and urination, weakness, fatigue and blurred vision may be symptoms of: Type I Diabetes
181.Harvey’s mother has diabetes. He regularly gets blood tests to monitor his blood glucose levels. What range should they be within? 3-8 mmol/L
182.Basal metabolism is considered ‘quiet metabolism’ and accounts for the lion’s share of most people’s energy expenditures. Which of the following processed would not be a metabolic activity that the basal metabolic rate controls? Exercising and walking around

183.Someone may be at risk of central obesity and need to lose weight if their waist measures: 94cm or more (men) or 80cm or more (women)
184.John has metabolic syndrome. Which of the following conditions is he not likely to develop because he has MetX? Lactose intolerance
185.Raised triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol increases ones risk of: Atherosclerosis
186. When considering the amount of energy that is required by the body to take part in any activity, which of the following factors is not influential? Level of stress that the person is under.

187.Low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and high blood triglycerides are components of: Metabolic syndrome
188.When shopping for bread and searching for a healthier product, which of the following options is not considered a good tip? Looking purely at the colour of the loaf.
189. Gut flora in their correct home in the gut are diverse and abundant due to which of the following factors? The small and large intestine has a neutral pH and peristalsis is slow which are ideal for growth.
190.Alice had a blood test and has high cholesterol. Which type of cholesterol does that mean is likely to be high which will be of concern? LDL cholesterol
191.According to the AusDiab study, which disease was not likely to increase the likelihood of cognitive impairment and physical disability over the age of 60 amongst the Australian population (by itself)? Blood pressure
192.Sam has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Which of the following is not likely to help her manage her condition if she continues to do it? Drinking lots of sugary softdrinks
193.Which of the following is not the name for one of the short chain fatty acids that are produced by GI bacteria during breakdown of foods? Oleic acid
194.Gut flora digest fibres and complex proteins and produce nutrients for the body. They also synthesise vitamins. Which of the following vitamins does it make, although the amount is insufficient to meet the body’s total need for the vitamin? Vitamin K
195.Which of the following statements is true? Australia has more than 1250 Subway outlets
196.A woman who has central obesity is more likely to give birth to a baby whose weight is what? Overweight
197.Which nutrient is most important to the functioning of the kidneys? Water
198.Since the 1800’s, how many years has the average Australian life expectancy risen? Thirty years
199.Which of the following is true of Type I Diabetes? it is an auto-immune condition
200.The gut flora have many important jobs in digestion. Which is not something that the microflora are involved in? Removing water from undigested food to make faeces
201.Which of the following people listed would have the highest basal metabolic rate?A physically fit male athlete
202.There are many health benefits associated with consuming lots of insoluble fibre. Which of the following is a benefit of eating soluble fibre rather than insoluble? Lowers the risk of diabetes
203.Which of the following would assist the reduction of hypertension (high blood pressure)? reducing stress
204.The onset of Type I Diabetes is usually: abrupt with obvious symptoms
205.Excessive thirst and urination, weakness, fatigue and blurred vision may be symptoms of: Type I Diabetes

206.What is the ongoing measurement tool used to assess how well diabetics are managing their condition called? HbA1C
207.According to the AusDiab study, which disease was not likely to increase the likelihood of cognitive impairment and physical disability over the age of 60 amongst the Australian population (by itself)? Blood pressure
208.Which of the following are recommendations for those in their later years? Limit alcohol, Increase dairy products, Reduce salt intake. All of the above
209.Pregnancy increases a woman s requirements for which nutrients? “Calcium, iron and folic acid” "Folic acid, fluid and protein " "Protein, vitamin D and Iron " All of the above
210.Which vitamin(s) are the gut flora most responsible for the metabolism of? B group vitamins

The digestive system is so fundamental that it’s basically. Step number one in the guide: How to Make an Animal. You probably remember that during the embryonic development of most animals, the digestive tract is the very first thing that forms. When the blastula, that little wad of cells that we all used to be, turns into a little wad of cells with a tube running through it, that tube is your digestive system. And pretty much every animal has a digestive system of some kind, but they’re not all alike.Far from it. In fact, digestive tracts are specially adapted to animals’ feeding behavior and diet. For instance, a house fly eats mostly liquid or very finely granulated food, but before it does that, it’s got to puke its digestive juices all over its lunch and then let them digest it for a while before it sucks it up into its mouth. If we did it like that, first dates would be…less common. Most vertebrates put food in one end of the tube and our digestive system processes it, and then it gets rid of the waste out the other end of the tube. No muss, no fuss. Well, actually, there’s a little bit of muss, at the end. You may have noticed.But the beauty of it is that this whole process is run by our autonomic nervous system, so we don’t have to think about it, until maybe the very last step when we’re in traffic and just had two cups of coffee and a bran muffin… then we have to think about it a little bit. Among vertebrates, the digestive tract might be short or long, or have organs that do different things depending on what its feeding habits are. For instance, dogs are mostly carnivores and also scavengers: They mostly eat meat, but sometimes that meat’s been dead for a while. So, the dog’s digestive system has developed to take food in, absorb as many nutrients as possible, and then deposit it on somebody’s lawn, all in a period of about six hours. Dogs have an extremely short digestive tract, because, if you’re in the habit of eating rotten meat, you’d better be able to digest it fast. If you don’t, the bad bacteria that’s probably living on that armadillo carcass is going to take up residence in your gut and put you in a world of hurt. Cows, on the other hand, take a very very very long time to digest their food, around 80 hours, because they have to process plants, mostly grass. Grass has a ton of cellulose in it, and evolution has yet to produce an animal that can manufacture a stomach acid or enzyme tough enough to break down cellulose.
消化系统是如此基础，基本上是。指南中的第一步：如何制作动物。你可能还记得在大多数动物的胚胎发育过程中，消化道是最先形成的。当囊胚，我们曾经过的那一小块细胞变成一团细胞，管子穿过它时，那管就是你的消化系统。而且几乎每种动物都有某种消化系统，但它们并非完全相同。远离它。事实上，消化道特别适合动物的喂养行为和饮食。例如，家蝇主要吃液体或非常细粒状的食物，但在此之前，它必须在整个午餐时咀嚼消化液，然后让它们消化一段时间才将其吸入口中。如果我们这样做，第一次约会就会…不太常见。大多数脊椎动物将食物放在管的一端，我们的消化系统处理它，然后它将废物从管的另一端排出。没有麻烦，没有大惊小怪。嗯，实际上，最后有一点点muss。您可能已经注意到了。但它的美妙之处在于整个过程由我们的自主神经系统运行，因此我们不必考虑它，直到我们进入交通状态并且只有两个一杯咖啡和一个松饼…然后我们要考虑一下。在脊椎动物中，消化道可能短或长，或者根据其摄食习惯而具有做不同事物的器官。例如，狗主要是食肉动物，也是食腐动物：它们主要吃肉类，但有时肉类已经死了一段时间。因此，狗的消化系统已经发展到可以吸收食物，吸收尽可能多的营养物质，然后将其存放在某人的草坪上，所有这些都在大约6个小时的时间内完成。狗的消化道极短，因为如果你习惯吃烂肉，你最好能快速消化它。如果你不这样做，可能生活在犰狳胴体上的坏细菌会在你的肠道内停留，让你陷入一个受伤的世界。另一方面，奶牛需要非常长的时间来消化食物，大约80小时，因为它们必须加工植物，主要​​是草。草中含有大量的纤维素，并且进化尚未产生能够制造足够强的胃酸或酶以分解纤维素的动物。
So, cows have microorganisms in their guts that break down the cellulose for them. This process takes a four-chambered stomach each one with a slightly different microecology and a lot of cud-chewing, or regurgitating and re-chewing of grass before it passes all the way through. So, nature is full of crazy digestion stories, and I honestly wish that I had time to tell them all. But let’s focus on human digestion from now on, mostly because: You’re probably a human, we don’t assume anything here, and you’ll be wanting to know how YOUR body does all this stuff. And humans actually have a have a pretty good all-purpose digestive system: We’re omnivores, after all, we eat plants AND meat so our systems are generalized to handle all kinds of stuff. Like most animals, humans have a bunch of different acids and enzymes in our digestive tracts that break food down so that it can be absorbed and used by our bodies. But the secret to successful digestion is maximizing surface area. In more that one way, actually. The first way we maximize surface area is on the food itself. Say I take a bite out of this apple. Right now there’s like, an apple boulder sitting there in my mouth. I’ve got enzymes in my saliva that immediately start breaking it down, like, the outsides of the boulder. If I swallowed this chunk whole right now, not only would it hurt like heck, the rest of my digestive system would have a really hard time dealing with it, because most of the enzymes and acids would have the same difficulty working all the way through this big solid hunk. But, when I use my awesome teeth to chew up this hunk of apple suddenly there’s double, triple, quadruple the surface area on the food! I’m making up apple gravel from the apple boulder.
因此，奶牛的肠道中含有微生物，可以分解纤维素。这个过程需要一个四腔的胃，每个胃都有一个略微不同的微生态和大量的反咀嚼，或者在它通过之前反复咀嚼和重新咀嚼草。所以，大自然充满了疯狂的消化故事，我真的希望我有时间告诉他们所有人。但是让我们从现在开始关注人类的消化，主要是因为：你可能是一个人，我们在这里不做任何事情，你会想知道你的身体是如何完成所有这些的。人类实际上有一个非常好的通用消化系统：我们是杂食动物，毕竟我们吃植物和肉类，所以我们的系统被推广到处理各种各样的东西。像大多数动物一样，人类在我们的消化道中含有一堆不同的酸和酶，可以将食物分解，从而可以被我们的身体吸收和使用。但成功消化的秘诀是最大化表面积。实际上，更多的是这种方式。我们最大化表面积的第一种方法是食物本身。说我咬了一口这个苹果。现在就像是，一块苹果巨石坐在我的嘴里。我的唾液中含有酶，可立即开始分解，就像巨石的外面一样。如果我现在吞下这块大块，不仅会像heck一样疼，我的消化系统的其余部分将很难处理它，因为大多数酶和酸都会遇到同样的困难。这个坚实的大块头。但是，当我用我那令人敬畏的牙齿来咀嚼这一大块苹果时，食物的表面积就会增加一倍，三倍，四倍！我正在从苹果巨石上制作苹果砾石。
Maybe even apple sand. For humans, chewing is key because breaking down our food into smaller and smaller bits allows enzymes and acids to get at them. And after our teeth have made the pieces small enough, the chemicals break them down further until they’re fine enough for our bodies to absorb nutrients from them. But it’s not just the surface area of the food that’s important, the surface area of the digestive system is key to the whole process as well. Last time I talked about how we have a whole bunch of surface area in our lungs to absorb tons of oxygen all at once. Well, our digestive systems work in much the same way. Most of the absorption of nutrients happens in our small intestines, and the length of the average human adult’s small intestine is about 7 meters! Plus, inside our small intestines there are a bunch of little folds and little absorbing fibers with absorbing fibers on them, and no I didn’t mis-speak, the fibers have fibers. that’s how hard our intestines work to increase their surface area. Last episode I was all impressed that lungs had a total surface area of 75 square meters… well the small intestine has a surface area of 250 square meters! Blegh… It’s kind of gross.I wouldn’t want to see it spread out over a tennis court or anything. But I’m getting ahead of myself here. Digestion does not start at the small intestine, people,it starts at the mouth. Now, as you can see, this hot pocket is surrounded by some kind of bread, if you can call it that.Bread is a starch, which breaks down into glucose. When I start gnawing on a piece of bread, because the outside here is mostly bread. the glands in my mouth start secreting saliva,which contains salivary amylase, an enzyme designed to break down starch into glucose. The more I chew, the more amylase will get to all the differentsides of the bread, and that’s why the more you chew bread, the sweeter it tastes. Amylase doesn’t really do much to the meat or the cheese in this thing. I’ve got other enzymes and acids that are going to work on them later on in the system, but I am gonna chew all that stuff up real good right now so that those other enzymes can do their jobs later. I’m gonna swallow all this.
甚至可能是苹果沙。对于人类来说，咀嚼是关键，因为将食物分解成越来越小的比特可以让酶和酸进入它们。在我们的牙齿使这些碎片足够小之后，这些化学物质会进一步分解，直到它们足够精细，让我们的身体吸收它们的营养。但不仅仅是食物的表面积很重要，消化系统的表面积也是整个过程的关键。上次我谈到我们肺部有一大堆表面区域可以同时吸收大量氧气。好吧，我们的消化系统工作方式大致相同。大多数营养物质的吸收都发生在我们的小肠中，一般人类成年人的小肠长度约为​​7米！另外，在我们的小肠内有一堆小褶皱和很少吸收纤维，上面有吸收纤维，没有我不会说话，纤维有纤维。这就是我们的肠道努力增加其表面积的难度。最后一集我印象深刻，肺部的总表面积为75平方米…小肠的表面积为250平方米！ Blegh …这有点粗糙。我不想看到它散布在网球场或任何东西上。但我在这里领先于自己。消化不是从小肠开始的，人们从口腔开始。现在，正如你所看到的，这个热口袋被某种面包包围，如果你可以称之为。面包是一种淀粉，可以分解成葡萄糖。当我开始啃一块面包时，因为这里的外面主要是面包。我嘴里的腺体开始分泌唾液，唾液含有唾液淀粉酶，一种用于将淀粉分解成葡萄糖的酶。我咀嚼的越多，淀粉酶就会越多，面包的所有不同的东西，这就是为什么你咀嚼面包越多，味道就越甜。淀粉酶对这种东西中的肉或奶酪的作用并不大。我已经有了其他的酶和酸，这些酶和酸会在以后的系统中发挥作用，但我现在要把所有这些东西都嚼得真正好，以便其他酶可以在以后完成它们的工作。我要吞下这一切。
So now the masticated hot pocket has passed down my pharynx, or throat, and into my esophagus, which leads to my stomach. There’s actually this little cool flap of tissue called the epiglottis that blocks the trachea when I swallow, so that the food doesn’t end up in my respiratory system. This ball of food that I just swallowed actually has a scientific name, it’s called a bolus and it rides a kind of wave of muscle action down the esophagus into the stomach. This wave-like contraction of the smooth muscles around the tube of the esophagus is called peristalsis, and it’s basically how most of the movement in your digestive system is accomplished. Now my hot pocket bolus is in my stomach now which is where the food really starts getting manhandled.
所以现在咀嚼的热口袋已经从我的咽喉或喉咙传下来，进入我的食道，导致我的胃。实际上，当我吞咽时，这个被称为会厌的组织凉爽的皮瓣会阻塞气管，这样食物就不会进入我的呼吸系统。我吞下的这个食物球实际上有一个科学名称，它被称为推注，它在食道向下进入胃中的一种肌肉动作。食道管周围平滑肌的这种波状收缩称为蠕动，它基本上是消化系统中大部分运动的完成方式。现在，我的热口袋药丸在我肚子里，这是食物真正开始被粗暴对待的地方。
The stomach basically takes a scorched earth approach to digestion. It’s not messing around. It’s like a churning cement mixer that can contract and expand with these big, accordion-like folds of muscle called rugae. Your stomach’s job is to turn everything over and over, smooshing and mixing all the pieces up with its cocktail of acids and enzymes called gastric juice. Gastric juice is mainly made up of hydrochloric acid, an enzyme called pepsin, and some mucus and water. Hydrochloric acid has a Ph of about 1 which is strong enough that, if you got it on your hand, it would give you a chemical burn. So the acid breaks things down and hopefully kills most of the bacteria that you might find on your food. The pepsin starts breaking down proteins into amino acids. Now, that mucus is important. It’s there to protect your stomach, so that it doesn’t digest itself. When you don’t have enough of that mucus you get peptic ulcers, which happen when your stomach lining comes in direct contact with your stomach acid. And the water’s just in there to make everything all soupy, because what you want by the time your food leaves your stomach is chyme, which is a kind of liquidy slop that you might be familiar with from the last time you had a stomach virus. You knew this conversation was going to have to get a little bit gross and I didn’t want to bring diarrhea into it too much because, you know, I’ve been eating. But when something bad is going on in your digestive tract, your body doesn’t worry too much about absorbing nutrients, it just wants to get the chyme out of there. So, chyme is what you see when… You get the picture. Anyway, there’s a little valve, or sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine that regulates how much chyme gets into the small intestine and when it gets in there. The very beginning of the small intestine is called the duodenum, this is where a lot of the small intestine action happens, by which I mean, lots of things get absorbed and also secreted, like bicarbonate, which neutralizes the gastric acid before it goes any further. Now, the coolness of the small intestine can’t be overstated. It’s ground zero for cellular exchange of nutrients and the breakdown of fats. And again, the reason it’s so good at absorbing is because of all the surface area it’s got going on.A lot of that surface area comes from the fact that, despite its name, your small intestine is frickin’ long: in a human, it can range anywhere from 4.5 to 10.5 meters.
胃基本上采用烧焦的方法来消化。它并没有搞乱。它就像一个搅拌水泥搅拌机，可以收缩和扩展这些大的，手风琴般的肌肉褶皱称为rugae。你的肚子的工作就是一遍又一遍地把所有的东西都弄脏，并用酸和酸的混合物（称为胃液）混合所有碎片。胃液主要由盐酸（一种叫做胃蛋白酶的酶）和一些粘液和水组成。盐酸的Ph值约为1，足够强，如果你手上拿着它，它就会给你带来化学灼伤。因此，酸会破坏物质，并有望杀死食物中可能存在的大部分细菌。胃蛋白酶开始将蛋白质分解成氨基酸。现在，这种粘液很重要。它可以保护你的胃，使它不会消化。当你没有足够的粘液时，就会出现消化性溃疡，当你的胃衬里直接接触到你的胃酸时会发生消化性溃疡。水就在那里，让所有的东西变得浓稠，因为当你的食物离开你的肚子时你想要的是食糜，这是一种你最后一次胃病时可能熟悉的流动性污水。你知道这次谈话必须要有点粗暴，我不想太过腹泻，因为，你知道，我一直在吃东西。但是当你的消化道出现不好的事情时，你的身体并不太担心吸收营养，它只是想让食糜从那里消失。所以，食糜是你所看到的…你得到了照片。无论如何，在胃和小肠之间有一个小阀门或括约肌，它可以调节食糜进入小肠的程度以及何时进入小肠。小肠的最开始称为十二指肠，这是很多小肠动作发生的地方，我的意思是，许多东西被吸收并分泌，如碳酸氢盐，它在胃酸进入之前中和胃酸进一步。现在，小肠的凉爽不容小觑。它是细胞交换营养素和脂肪分解的基础。再次，它吸收的原因很好，因为它的所有表面区域都在进行。很多表面区域来自这样一个事实，即尽管它的名字，你的小肠很长：在人类中，它可以在4.5到10.5米的范围内。
But that’s not all! The whole inside is lined with epithelial tissue that has tons of ridges and folds in it. Surface area to the max! And on those ridges and folds are these little hair- like fibers of flesh called villi. Each villus has capillaries in it, so that it can absorb nutrients. And get this: each villus, which is only like half a millimeter long is covered in teeeny tiny little microvilli,providing even more surface area! In fact, apparently, the small intestine has a texture kind of like velvet, which is…Oh great, now I eat the milkshake? Fantastic. Okay. So another thing the small intestine does, with the help of its friend the gallbladder, is break down fatty stuff, like this milkshake. Near the top of your small intestine is a little pipe where bile salts, manufactured by the liver and stored by the gallbladder, are squirted out into the small intestine. Bile works like dish detergent on a pan you just fried something in: it’s an emulsifier. It takes hydrophobic fat molecules and breaks them up into fatty acids and monoglycerides, which can be absorbed by all that epithelial tissue! I’ve never had Chunky Monkey before Mmmmm! Nuts! After your food passes through those yards and yards of small intestine, the chyme goes through another sphincter and enters the cecum, the beginning of the large intestine.
但那还不是全部！整个内部衬有上皮组织，其中有许多脊和褶皱。表面积最大！在这些脊和褶皱上，这些小毛发状的纤维称为绒毛。每个绒毛都有毛细血管，因此它可以吸收营养。并得到这个：每个绒毛，只有半毫米长，覆盖着十几个微小的微绒毛，提供更多的表面积！事实上，显然，小肠有一种像天鹅绒一样的质地，这是…哦，太好了，现在我吃奶昔？太棒了。好的。因此，在胆囊的朋友的帮助下，小肠做的另一件事就是分解脂肪，就像这种奶昔一样。靠近小肠顶部的是一根小管子，由肝脏制造并由胆囊储存的胆汁盐被喷射到小肠中。胆汁的作用就像在盘子上的碟子洗涤剂，你只是在炒东西：它是一种乳化剂。它需要疏水脂肪分子，并将它们分解成脂肪酸和甘油单酯，它们可被所有上皮组织吸收！我在Mmmmm之前从来没有过Chunky Monkey！赶快行动吧！当你的食物经过那些院子里的小肠时，食糜通过另一个括约肌进入盲肠，即大肠的开始。
The large intestine’s job is to remove most of the water and bile salts from the chyme so you don’t have constant diarrhea.So, you can thank it for that! It’s called “large” because it’s wider than the small intestine, but it’s not nearly as long: it’s basically just a one- and-a-half meter victory lap around outside of the small intestine and then it calls it good Also, I should mention, at the end of the cecum there is a little tube where the the appendix comes in. For a long time, we thought that the appendix was a worthless,vestigial structure that we used to need at some point in our evolution but didn’t need anymore. However, recent studies are finding that the purpose of the appendix in modern humans is probably to act as a safe house for all of the good bacteria you need to help you digest your food. If you get a virus or food poisoning or something and all your digestive systems say, "GET IT ALL OUT OF ME!” The appendix has a little sample of your gut bacteria that it spits out to help recolonize you after your illness. So, I think you’re familiar with the final step in the digestive system.That’s the pooping. Your food can spend as long as 3 days in your digestive tract, and a lot of that time is spent in the large intestine, mostly reabsorbing the excess water from the chyme and prepping your poo for its great entrance into the world.When it’s done, it passes through everybody’s favorite sphincters, the anal sphincters. There are two of them.And, you know…out in the world to live its own life.And that’s the end of our little tale here that begins with the hot pocket. I hope you’ll join us next time for more disgustingness, as we discuss the details of the Excretory System! Until then, bon appetit! Thank you for watching this episode of Crash Course Biology.If you want to go back and review anything.Table of contents
大肠的工作是从食糜中去除大部分水和胆汁盐，这样你就不会持续腹泻。所以，你可以感谢它！它被称为“大”，因为它比小肠宽，但它不会那么长：它基本上只是在小肠外面一圈半的胜利然后它称之为好而且，我应该提到，在盲肠末端有一个小管子，阑尾进来。很长一段时间，我们认为阑尾是一个毫无价值的，退化的结构，我们过去在进化的某个时刻需要但却没有我需要了。然而，最近的研究发现，现代人类阑尾的目的可能是为了帮助你消化食物所需的所有有益细菌的安全屋。如果你得到病毒或食物中毒或者你的所有消化系统都说“从我这里得到它！”附录有一些你的肠道细菌样本，它会在你生病后吐出来帮助你重新殖民化。所以，我认为你熟悉消化系统的最后一步。那就是大便。你的食物可以在你的消化道中花费长达3天的时间，大部分时间花在大肠上，大部分时间都在重吸收多余的食物。来自食糜的水，准备你的便便进入世界。当它完成后，它会通过每个人最喜欢的括约肌，肛门括约肌。它们有两个。而且，你知道…在世界上生活这是我们这个小故事的结束，从热口袋开始。我希望你下次加入我们更加恶心，因为我们讨论排泄系统的细节！在那之前，好胃口！谢谢！你看这集Crash Course Biology。如果你想去回来并审查任何内容。内容
just click on it. Thanks, of course, to everybody who helped put this episode together.If you have questions for us, please leave them in the comments below, or on Facebook or Twitter. And our team of experts will attempt to answer.

1.Eating a lot of dietary fibre is likely to decrease absorption of which mineral? Magnesium
2.Examples of a standard serving of vegetables include; 1⁄2 medium potato or other starchy vegetables 1 medium tomato
3.Pick the odd one out: Which is not a form of calcium in food? Calcium complexed with biotin
4.Which is the most important hormone that the pancreas makes? Insulin
5.A standard serving size of meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans includes; 1 cup (150 g) cooked dried or canned beans, lentils, chick peas or split peas
7.“Many decades ago, what was the national dish of Australia?” Kangaroo tail soup
8.The tiny cells that line the small intestine that do most of the work of nutrient absorption are known as what? Villi cells
9.Which of the following statements is not true about vitamins? They provide energy in your diet.
10.During summer, water loss can lead to: Heat exhaustion, loss of consciousness and heat stroke
11.In comparing the small intestine with the large intestine, which is longer? The small intestine
12.Which piece of machinery is the stomach most similar to in the way it works? Cement mixer
14.Which of the macronutrients takes the most time to digest when eaten as part of a nutritious and balanced meal? Protein
15.How many guidelines does the Australian Dietary Guidelines contain? Five
16.Which answer correctly describes a food from each of the five food groups in the Australian guide to healthy eating? Pasta, tofu, carrot, banana, cheese
18. Which of the following does not quicken the passage of food/drink through the digestive system, thus decreasing digestion? Fibre
19. What is the active ingredient in alcohol that the liver processes? Ethanol
20. “Which of the following is the name of the end product that the body uses for fuel, as energy?” ATP
21. Of the five food groups, which one is not likely to provide lots of zinc in the diet? Fruit
22.Which enzyme breaks down proteins? Amylase

23. Fats: Are the most concentrated form of energy for the body
    24.Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid and is water soluble. One of the following descriptions is in accurate to describe Vitamin C, pick the odd one out: It is an oxidizing agent.
24. What do antioxidant vitamins do? Rid the body of free radicals
25. When attempting to get the recommended 2 serves of fruit each day, what should not be overconsumed? Seasonal fruits like grapes and watermelon
    28.In avoiding osteoporosis, which of the following is not considered a modifiable risk factor? A direct relative who has had an osteoporotic fracture.
26. Pick the odd one out: Which is not one serve of vegetables? One cup of corn kernels
27. Pregnant women have slightly increased water requirements due to: Decreasing extracellular fluid space The needs of the foetus Both a and c
    31.Saturated fats are mainly found in: Animal-based foods
    32.Which main country does Australia export seafood to? Japan
    33.In order to make enough vitamin D from being out in the sunshine, which body parts should be exposed at least? Arms and face
    34.The tiny cells that line the small intestine that do most of the work of nutrient absorption are known as what? Villi cells
    35.The most well known national public health campaign adovating fruit and vegetable consumption was was? Go for 2 & 5
    36.Solid foods contribute to how much of our total water intake? 20%
    37.Of the following list of people, who are least likely to develop scurvy throughout their lifetime? Vegetarians
28. Folate is crucial to prevent neural tube defects in babies. When a pregnant mother eats foods rich in folate, the vitamin does not simply get absorbed and work its magic. It requires the action of one other B group vitamin to become activated, leading to the role in DNA synthesis. Which B vitamin is needed for this function? B12
    39.What are the numbers for the categories of glycaemic index from small to medium to high? “Low GI <55, Medium 56-69, High >70”
    40.Dietary fibre is mostly made up of polysaccharides. What is the reason that dietary fibre provides us with no energy (0 kJ per gram) when we eat it? The monosaccharides that make it up are kept together by bonds that can’t be broken down by digestive enzymes and hence it passes through the body untouched, contributing no monosaccharides for energy.
    41.Which months are Australians most likely to be vitamin D deficient? “June, July and August”
29. When comparing the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels not long after eating them, what is the difference between a low and high GI carb? High GI will spike blood sugar levels
    43.A standard serving size of meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans includes; a and b 100 g cooked fish fillet (about 115 g raw weight) or 1 small can of fish 1 cup (150 g) cooked dried or canned beans, lentils, chick peas or split peas
    44.The muscular contractions that push food down the digestive tract are known as what? Peristalsis
    45.All carbohydrates are excellent sources of energy and all starchy foods come from plants. In Asia, rice provides most of the energy as the primary grain source containing starch. Wheat grain is the primary source of carbohydrate in Australia and three other countries or continents. Which of the following gets its primary source of carbohydrate from another grain, not wheat? South America
    46.Milk, cream, butter and cheese contain high levels of: Saturated fat
30. Which answer correctly describes a food from each of the five food groups in the Australian guide to healthy eating? Pasta, tofu, carrot, banana, cheese
    48.Match the correct number of kilojoules per gram to the nutrients of fat and protein from the following list 37 kJ/g and 17 kJ/g respectively
    49.Approximately how many litres of fluid should the average 20 year old male drink each day? 2.6L
    50.One standard serving of vegetables is about 75g or 1⁄2 cup cooked vegetables
31. Of the five food groups, which one is not likely to provide lots of zinc in the diet? Fruit
    52.Examples of a standard serving of fruit include; one large piece (apple, banana, orange, pear) two medium pieces (apricots, plums, kiwi fruit) neither a or b
    53.Which piece of machinery is the stomach most similar to in the way it works? Cement mixer
    54.Pick the most correct sentence to finish this statement; The Nutrient Reference Values (NRV’s) for the general population… Apply to people who are healthy in the Australian and Kiwi populations.
    55.Low GI foods cause the rise in blood sugar levels to: Rise slowly
32. All
    are excellent sources of energy and all starchy foods come from plants. In Asia, rice provides most of the energy as the primary grain source containing starch. Wheat grain is the primary source of carbohydrate in Australia and three other countries or continents. Which of the following gets its primary source of carbohydrate from another grain, not wheat? South America
    57.What is the name of the smaller molecules that carbohydrates are broken down into when digested? Glucose
    58.The consumption of which of the B Group vitamins is most important in preventing neural tube defects in a foetus? Folate
    59.Which of the following does not occur when a large amount of alcohol is consumed? Appetite is stimulated.
    60.Which of the following are examples of standard serves of grain (cereal foods) 1⁄4 cup muesli (30 g)
    61.“Which of the following is the name of the end product that the body uses for fuel, as energy?” ATP
    62.Examples of a standard serving of fruit include; two small pieces (apricots, plums, kiwi fruit)
    63.Which place of the body does digestion technically begin at? The mouth
    64.What are the two types of vitamins found in food (classification wise)? Fat soluble and water soluble.
    65.The primary role of carbohydrate is the provision of energy to cells
    66.When comparing the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels not long after eating them, what is the difference between a low and high GI carb? High GI will spike blood sugar levels
    67.The B group vitamins have important roles in releasing energy from food. Specifically, energy from carbohydrates, fats and protein. The B group act as coenzymes for other enzymes that release the energy. Pick the odd one out of the following list that has a role in metabolism rather than energy release from food:
    Vitamin B12
33. Which of the following can lead to chronic mild dehydration? Dissatisfaction with the taste of water Diuretics such as caffeine Environmental conditions
    69.Poppy wants to adhere to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR’s) for protein and hence knows that 15 to 25% of the kilojoules that she consumed on a daily basis should come from from protein foods. Given this, which of the following foods would have a protein composition (in percent) within this range? Presume that Foods A to D all have a total of 724 kilojoules. Food D with 7g of protein in it.
    70.Of all the reasons listed below, which one is incorrect regarding the differences between insoluble and soluble fibre? Soluble fibre is easily digested by bacteria in the colon whereas insoluble fibre is less readily fermented.
    71.What is the name of the energy cycle that carbohydrates are broken down in? Krebs cycle
    72.A standard serving size of meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans includes;
    73.On average, what percent of vitamin C in food is destroyed by heat or cooking? 30-40%
    74.How many kilojoules per day is a recommended daily intake for the average person? 8700 kJ
    75.Pick the odd one out: which is not a source of carbohydrates? Meat
    76.“Prior to the 1950’s, what country was Australia’s cuisine most similar to?” Britain
    77.Did you know that the the first step of alcohol breakdown is the oxidation of alcohol into acetaldehyde? This is the fluid that is used in embalming! Out of the following, which option represents the first sign that alcohol has affected the functioning of the brain? The frontal lobe of the brain is sedated and reasoning and judgement are affected.
    78.Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid and is water soluble. One of the following descriptions is in accurate to describe Vitamin C, pick the odd one out: It works as an antioxidant.
    79.What is the name for the short chain of glucose units that result from the breakdown of starch? Clue: this word sometimes appears on food labels Dextrins
    80.Choose the CORRECT statement regarding amino acids and proteins Amino acids are used for the synthesis of body proteins and other metabolites and can also be used as a source of dietary energy
    81.When the stomach has finished breaking down food, what is the name of the substance it makes that gets squirted into the intestines? Chyme
    82.Which of the following statements about minerals in foods is incorrect? Of all minerals, only 10 are known to be essential to human nutrition.
    83.What is the definition of an essential amino acid? Essential amino acids need to be consumed from the diet because we cannot synthesise them.
    84.During the digestion process, what dietary component of food lingers in the stomach and delays gastric emptying making us feel satiated and full? Fibre
    85.“Prior to European settlement in Australia, how many native food species were used by the Indigenous population?” 5000 species
    86.Which of the following is an example of a discretionary food choice? cordial
    87.Which of the following is NOT an example of a discretionary food choice? 3 pieces of fresh fruit
    88.What is the action of the hormone glucagon, made by the pancreas? Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
    89.The only Indigenous native food that was commercially cultivated until the 1990’s was which nut? Macadamia
    90.Which months are Australians most likely to be vitamin D deficient? June, July and August
    91.Diets high in fibre can: Moderate obesity Enhance gut function Reduce heart disease
    92.Pick which of the following vitamins is water soluble Vitamin C
    93.Which hormone is important in stimualating either the release of calcium from bones or increasing uptake in the intestines? Parathyroid hormone
    94.One standard serving of fruit is about 150g or one medium piece (apple, banana, orange, pear)
    95.How many calories are in 8700 kilojoules? 2081.34
    96.Which of the following vitamins helps to stop the bleeding when you cut yourself? Vitamin K
    97.The only Indigenous native food that was commercially cultivated until the 1990’s was which nut? Macadamia
    98.Which macronutrient does bile break down? Protein

99.“In order to improve the overall quality of the Australian diet, which of the following is not a current recommendation?” Cut down on legumes
100.Which of the following statements is not true about vitamins? They provide energy in your diet.

101. What is not one of the main harvested crops of Australia? Goat
     103.What is the recommended daily intake for water to avoid dehydration (average person) Two litres
     104.Which of the following statements regarding the metabolism of alcohol is false and would be dangerous if it were true? The liver has the capacity to metabolise 100grams of ethanol per hour, breaking it down with enzymes.
102. On average, how long do carbohydrates take to digest? Four hours
103. Which of the following will not enhance iron absorption? Consuming a meal that has both iron and high calcium in it.
     108.Which part of the digestive tract is the location where faeces are formed and water is reabsorbed? Large intestine
     110.What is the definition of an essential amino acid? Essential amino acids need to be consumed from the diet because we cannot synthesise them.
     111.How long can you survive without a functioning liver? Maximum 24 hours.
     112.Which of the following is not a concern regarding calcium absorption? Dairy foods contain a lot of calcium in them.
     113.Which of the following is NOT an example of a discretionary food choice? 3 pieces of fresh fruit
     114.Water usually accounts for which percentage of body weight? 50-80%
     115.Teri needs to decrease the amount of fat in her diet to lower cholesterol. Which of the following is true for Teri? She should be able to minimise visible fats relatively easily.
     116.What characteristic of wholegrains are not related to their benefits towards heart health? The taste of wholegrain products
     117.“Annually, Australia produces enough food for how many people externally living outside of the country?” 40 million
     118.Why does the body store carbohydrate as glycogen in muscle and liver cells? Because the structure of glycogen molecules is highly branched which allows the molecules to be broken down quickly as the enzymes responsible for hydrolysis attack numerous branches at once.
     119.What is the name of the energy cycle that carbohydrates are broken down in? Krebs cycle
     120.In comparing the small intestine with the large intestine, which is longer? The small intestine

121.Protein is found in meat and dairy products , all living cells, fruit and vegetables
122. Which fabric or material does the inside of the intestines reportedly feel like? Velvet
123.Pick the odd one out: Which is not a form of calcium in food? Calcium complexed with biotin
124.Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated and trans are all terms to describe which macronutrient: Fats
125.How many guidelines does the Australian Dietary Guidelines contain? Five
126.Choose the CORRECT statement regarding amino acids amino acids are found in both plant and animal foods
127.A lack of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids is characterised by: Dry skin and dermatitis
128.Approximately, what is the capacity of the stomach? 1 Litre
129.Choose the INCORRECT statement It is recommended to eat processed grains over wholegrains, as processed grains have been tested and chemically engineered by scientists
130.Which statement is true regarding the importance of hydration on digestion? Being dehydrated slows digestion down.

131.Dietary advice to prevent diabetes is to limit saturated fat in the diet. What percent should sat fats make up in the diet at a maximum? Ten percent
132.Mary has never had a heart attack or cardiovascular event. What should her cholesterol level be below? <5.5 mmol/L
133.Which of the following statements is true? Australia has more than 1250 Subway outlets
134.__________ is associated with modifiable lifestyle risk factors Type II Diabetes

135.High blood pressure is diagnosed when systolic/diastolic is over what level? 140/90 mmHg
136.Which of the following statements is false? Toddlers are still reliant on breast milk or formula for nutrients
137.Of the following carbohydrate rich foods, which ones are not considered low GI? White potato and Jasmine rice
138.Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are sometimes referred to as: Pre-diabetes
139.According to the AusDiab study, which disease was not likely to increase the likelihood of cognitive impairment and physical disability over the age of 60 amongst the Australian population (by itself)? Blood pressure
140.The basal metabolic rate is affected by lifestyle and genetic factors. Of the following list, pick the odd one out that will not increase the BMR. Going on a fasting diet.

141.The most prominent factors that contribute to deaths in Australia have dietary and lifestyle links. When trying to avoid chronic disease, which of the following are not considered positive personal behaviours or factors that can be changed in order to decrease risk? Eating food that is easily accessible regardless of nutrition content.
142.The average recommended weight gain during pregnancy is: 11-16kg
143.Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing Type II diabetes? low blood pressure

144.Type I Diabetes represents what percentage of all cases of diabetes? 10%
145.Which dietary change could someone make to reduce their risk of Metabolic syndrome? eat plenty of natural wholegrains
146.Which of the following are symptoms of Type I Diabetes? mood swings being excessively thirsty having cuts that heal slowly
147.More than _______ of all Australian’s have at least one Metabolic syndrome condition. half

148.What is the name of the component in foods such as nuts, fruits and vegetables that helps to lower cholesterol naturally? Sterols and stanols
149.What is the ongoing measurement tool used to assess how well diabetics are managing their condition called? HbA1C
150.Low levels of HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and high blood triglycerides are components of: Metabolic syndrome
151.The thermic effect of food (TEF) is proportional to the food energy ingested and is usually estimated at ____ % of energy intake. Fill in the gap most accurately: Ten
152.Someone may be at risk of central obesity and need to lose weight if their waist measures: 94cm or more (men) or 80cm or more (women)
153.One of the following phenomnenon is not linked to the natural culling of gut flora. Which one is it? Eating lots of protein
154.The gut flora that we have is thought to be important to which digestive disorder? Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
155.When determining health using the Body Mass Index, the weight categories should be increased by two points for which population? The elderly
156.Central obesity refers to: having excess fat around the abdomen
157.The onset of Type I Diabetes typically occurs in people: under 30 years
158.Gut flora digest fibres and complex proteins and produce nutrients for the body. They also synthesise vitamins. Which of the following vitamins does it make, although the amount is insufficient to meet the body’s total need for the vitamin? Vitamin K
159.Which vitamin(s) are the gut flora most responsible for the metabolism of? B group vitamins
160.“Prior to the 1950’s, what country was Australia’s cuisine most similar to?” Britain
161.If we are to compare the absorption and solubility of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, we know that the fat soluble group are vitamins A, D, E and K and the B group and Vitamin C are water soluble. When the fat soluble group are absorbed from food, what is the first step of absorption? This step differentiates them from the water soluble group. Fat soluble vitamins must first move into the lymphatic system and then it moves into the blood system.
162.When attempting to get the recommended 2 serves of fruit each day, what should not be over-consumed? Seasonal fruits like grapes and watermelon
163.The glycemic index or GI rank ____________ according to their effect on blood glucose levels (Fill in the blank) Carbohydrates
164.The five major food groups of ‘The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating’ are grouped together because they provide similar amounts of key nutrients
165.Water is most commonly lost from the body via: Urine Stools The lungs and skin
166.Although not a B group vitamin, choline is also considered essential for human health. Deficiency in choline is rare and it is a conditionally essential nutrient. It is part of the phospholipid lecithin and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Which amino acid can the body make choline synthetically from? Methionine
167.Although the recommended daily intake for calcium is 800mg, how much is good to aim for? 1000 mg
168.Pick the odd one out: Which is not one serve of vegetables? One cup of corn kernels
169.A lack of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids is characterised by: Dry skin and dermatitis
170.Of the following acids, which is most commonly found in the stomach? Hydrochloric acid
172.Eating a low GI diet can cause which of the following in diabetics: Increased average blood sugar levels
173. Which of the following is not considered one of the main five food groups? An allowance for fats and oils
174.What feature protects the stomach from being dissolved by its own acids? The mucus lining.

175.Which of the following statements about minerals in foods is incorrect? Of all minerals, only 10 are known to be essential to human nutrition.
176.Shane is trying to be smart about the way that he controls the calories that he is eating. Which piece of advice to Shane would be considered inappropriate? “When eating a plate of food, eat protein. first and if full then leave vegetables for scraps.”
177Which of the macronutrients takes the most time to digest when eaten as part of a nutritious and balanced meal? Protein
178.Folate is added to foods like wheat flour and breads. There are recommendations within Australia for the limits of fortification. Which of the following represents the accurate window of fortification of folic acid in micrograms to be added to wheat flour used for baking breads in Australia? 2000-3000 micrograms
179.Low GI foods cause the rise in blood sugar levels to: Rise slowly
180.Why may dehydration become a problem in the elderly? Decreased thirst perception, medication, cognitive changes
181.Adequate dietary fibre is not essential for: Brain function
182.Pick which of the following vitamins is water soluble Vitamin C
183.Which of these well known ways of eating is considered protective for heart health? Mediterranean diet
184.What is the action of the hormone glucagon, made by the pancreas? Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose.
185.A standard serving size of meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans include; 170 g tofu 30 g nuts or seeds, or nut/seed pastes, such as peanut or almond butter, tahini. 1 cup (150 g) cooked dried or canned legumes or beans, such as lentils, chickpeas or split peas
186.Of the following list of statements, one is a myth and the rest are truths. Which one is a myth? Hard liquors such as rum, vodka and tequila are more hamrful than wine and beer.
187. Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates? Amylase
188.If all nutrients, minerals and food components have recommended daily amounts to be consumed, why is there no guideline for an upper level of energy intake? Because any amount of excess energy consumed above a calculated need will most likely result in weight gain.
189.Did you know that the the first step of alcohol breakdown is the oxidation of alcohol into acetaldehyde? This is the fluid that is used in embalming! Out of the following, which option represents the first sign that alcohol has affected the functioning of the brain? The frontal lobe of the brain is sedated and reasoning and judgement are affected.