磁盘和文件系统的管理命令
fdisk:磁盘分区工具
功能说明：
- 受mbr分区表的影响，fdisk工具只能给小于2TB的磁盘划分分区。
- 如果使用fdisk对大于2TB的磁盘进行分区，虽然可以分区，但是仅识别2TB的空间。
- 磁盘容量大于2TB的，可以使用parted工具进行分区
语法格式：
fdisk [option] device(设备名)
选项说明：
案例：
#fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0006cf2a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1026048 41943039 20458496 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 18.8 GB, 18756927488 bytes, 36634624 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
信息说明：
-
- Device：分区，显示有3个分区
- Boot：启动分区，* 表示的是启动分区。
- Start：表示开始的柱面。
- End：表示结束的柱面。
- Blocks：block块的数量
- Id：分区类型ID
- Sysytem：系统类型
添加一个1GB的硬盘
#fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0006cf2a
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1026048 41943039 20458496 8e Linux LVM
#fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
#ls /dev/sd* 》》》查看分区前设备的状态
/dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb
#fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcbde9f8c.
Command (m for help):m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-2097151, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-2097151, default 2097151): +100M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (206848-2097151, default 206848):
Using default value 206848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-2097151, default 2097151): +200M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 200 MiB is set
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (616448-2097151, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-2097151, default 2097151): +300M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 300 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x63ff9647
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 206848 616447 204800 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 616448 1230847 307200 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e
Selected partition 4
First sector (1230848-2097151, default 1230848):
Using default value 1230848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1230848-2097151, default 2097151): _^H
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1230848-2097151, default 2097151): +100M
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x8dcdc089
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 206848 616447 204800 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 616448 1230847 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 1230848 1435647 102400 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (1232896-1435647, default 1232896):
Using default value 1232896
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1232896-1435647, default 1435647): +100M
Value out of range.
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1232896-1435647, default 1435647): +50M
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 50 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x8dcdc089
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 206848 616447 204800 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 616448 1230847 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 1230848 1435647 102400 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 1232896 1335295 51200 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (1337344-1435647, default 1337344): q
First sector (1337344-1435647, default 1337344):
Using default value 1337344
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1337344-1435647, default 1435647):
Using default value 1435647
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 48 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes, 2097152 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x8dcdc089
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 206848 616447 204800 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 616448 1230847 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 1230848 1435647 102400 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 1232896 1335295 51200 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 1337344 1435647 49152 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
#mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
25688 inodes, 102400 blocks
5120 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=33685504
13 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1976 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@lhf 13:44:34 /root]
#mkdir /data1
[root@lhf 13:45:03 /root]
#mount /dev/sdb1 /data1/
[root@lhf 13:45:13 /root]
#df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 18G 978M 17G 6% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 479M 0 479M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 489M 6.8M 483M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 497M 125M 373M 25% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 ext4 93M 1.6M 85M 2% /data1
partprobe: 更新内核的硬盘分区表信息
功能说明：
- 在硬盘分区发生变化时,更新Linux内核中硬盘分区表数据。
- 有时候使用fdisk或parted对硬盘进行分区后，找不到新分区，需要重新才能生效，】
- 使用partprobe可以不重新系统让修改的分区表生效。
语法格式
partprobe [option]
| 参数选项 |
解释说明 |
| -d |
不更新内核 |
| -s |
显示摘要和分区 |
案例
#partprobe /dev/sdb
tune2fs：调整ext2/ext3/ext4文件系统参数
功能说明：
语法格式：
tune2fs [option]
| 选项参数 |
解释说明 |
| -c |
设置强制自检的挂载次数 |
| -C |
设置文件系统已经被挂载的次数 |
| -i |
设置强制自检的时间间隔(天、周、月) |
| -j |
将ext2文件转化为ext3类型的文件系统 |
| -l |
查看文件系统信息 |
案例
#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep -i Mount
Last mounted on:
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Last mount time: Thu Oct 31 13:45:13 2019
Mount count: 1
Maximum mount count: -1
#tune2fs -C 30 /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Setting current mount count to 30
[root@lhf 14:21:32 /root]
#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep -i Mount
Last mounted on:
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Last mount time: Thu Oct 31 13:45:13 2019
Mount count: 30
Maximum mount count: -1
#tune2fs -c 40 /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Setting maximal mount count to 40
[root@lhf 14:22:47 /root]
#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep -i Mount
Last mounted on:
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Last mount time: Thu Oct 31 13:45:13 2019
Mount count: 30
Maximum mount count: 40
#tune2fs -i 10 /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Setting interval between checks to 864000 seconds
[root@lhf 14:24:43 /root]
#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 | grep -i check
Last checked: Thu Oct 31 13:44:34 2019
Check interval: 864000 (1 week, 3 days)
Next check after: Sun Nov 10 12:44:34 2019
