Python MySQL - mysql-connector 驱动

MySQL 是最流行的关系型数据库管理系统,如果你不不熟悉 MySQL,可以阅读我们的 MySQL 教程。

本章节我们为大家介绍使用 mysql-connector 来连接使用 MySQL, mysql-connectorMySQL 官方提供的驱动器。

我们可以使用 pip 命令来安装 mysql-connector

python -m pip install mysql-connector

如果Mac出现如下提示:


pipQuestion.png

请查看Mac下pip的安装

使用以下代码测试 mysql-connector 是否安装成功:

import mysql.connector

执行以上代码,如果没有产生错误,表明安装成功。
在IDEA中配置Python环境并运行

创建数据库连接

可以使用以下代码来连接数据库:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",       # 数据库主机地址
  user="yourusername",    # 数据库用户名
  passwd="yourpassword"   # 数据库密码
)
 
print(mydb)

如有问题请查看Mac 安装MySQL,设置环境变量

创建数据库

创建数据库使用 "CREATE DATABASE" 语句,以下创建一个名为 runoob_db 的数据库:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE sites (name VARCHAR(255), url VARCHAR(255))")
table.png

可以使用 "SHOW TABLES" 语句来查看数据表是否已存在:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("SHOW TABLES")
 
for x in mycursor:
  print(x)

主键设置

创建表的时候我们一般都会设置一个主键(PRIMARY KEY),我们可以使用INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY 语句来创建一个主键,主键起始值为 1,逐步递增。
如果我们的表已经创建,我们需要使用 ALTER TABLE 来给表添加主键:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("ALTER TABLE sites ADD COLUMN id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY")

如果你还未创建 sites 表,可以直接使用以下代码创建。

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE sites (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255), url VARCHAR(255))")

插入数据

插入数据使用INSERT INTO 语句:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)"
val = ("RUNOOB", "https://www.runoob.com")
mycursor.execute(sql, val)
 
mydb.commit()    # 数据表内容有更新,必须使用到该语句
 
print(mycursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")

批量插入

批量插入使用 executemany() 方法,该方法的第二个参数是一个元组列表,包含了我们要插入的数据:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)"
val = [
  ('Google', 'https://www.google.com'),
  ('Github', 'https://www.github.com'),
  ('Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com'),
  ('stackoverflow', 'https://www.stackoverflow.com/')
]
 
mycursor.executemany(sql, val)
 
mydb.commit()    # 数据表内容有更新,必须使用到该语句
 
print(mycursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")

想在数据记录插入后,获取该记录的 ID ,可以使用以下代码:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)"
val = ("Zhihu", "https://www.zhihu.com")
mycursor.execute(sql, val)
 
mydb.commit()
 
print("1 条记录已插入, ID:", mycursor.lastrowid)

查询数据

查询数据使用 SELECT 语句:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites")
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()     # fetchall() 获取所有记录
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

可以读取指定的字段数据:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("SELECT name, url FROM sites")
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

如果只想读取一条数据,可以使用 fetchone() 方法:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites")
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchone()
 
print(myresult)

where 条件语句

要读取指定条件的数据,可以使用 where 语句:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "SELECT * FROM sites WHERE name ='RUNOOB'"
 
mycursor.execute(sql)
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

可以使用通配符 %

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "SELECT * FROM sites WHERE url LIKE '%oo%'"
 
mycursor.execute(sql)
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,可以使用 %s 占位符来转义查询的条件:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "SELECT * FROM sites WHERE name = %s"
na = ("RUNOOB", )
 
mycursor.execute(sql, na)
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

排序

查询结果排序可以使用 ORDER BY 语句,默认的排序方式为升序,关键字为 ASC,如果要设置降序排序,可以设置关键字 DESC

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "SELECT * FROM sites ORDER BY name"
 
mycursor.execute(sql)
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

降序排序实例:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "SELECT * FROM sites ORDER BY name DESC"
 
mycursor.execute(sql)
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

Limit

如果我们要设置查询的数据量,可以通过 "LIMIT" 语句来指定

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites LIMIT 3")
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

也可以指定起始位置,使用的关键字是 OFFSET

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites LIMIT 3 OFFSET 1")  # 0 为 第一条,1 为第二条,以此类推
 
myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
 
for x in myresult:
  print(x)

删除记录

删除记录使用 DELETE FROM 语句:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "DELETE FROM sites WHERE name = 'stackoverflow'"
 
mycursor.execute(sql)
 
mydb.commit()
 
print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录删除")

注意:要慎重使用删除语句,删除语句要确保指定了 WHERE 条件语句,否则会导致整表数据被删除。
为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用 %s 占位符来转义删除语句的条件:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "DELETE FROM sites WHERE name = %s"
na = ("stackoverflow", )
 
mycursor.execute(sql, na)
 
mydb.commit()
 
print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录删除")

更新表数据

数据表更新使用 UPDATE 语句:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "UPDATE sites SET name = 'ZH' WHERE name = 'Zhihu'"
 
mycursor.execute(sql)
 
mydb.commit()
 
print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录被修改")

注意:UPDATE 语句要确保指定了 WHERE 条件语句,否则会导致整表数据被更新。
为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用 %s 占位符来转义更新语句的条件:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "UPDATE sites SET name = %s WHERE name = %s"
val = ("Zhihu", "ZH")
 
mycursor.execute(sql, val)
 
mydb.commit()
 
print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录被修改"")

删除表

删除表使用 DROP TABLE语句, IF EXISTS 关键字是用于判断表是否存在,只有在存在的情况才删除:

import mysql.connector
 
mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
  host="localhost",
  user="root",
  passwd="123456",
  database="runoob_db"
)
mycursor = mydb.cursor()
 
sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sites"  # 删除数据表 sites
 
mycursor.execute(sql)

IDEA 编译全部代码 demo_mysql_test.py

import mysql.connector

print("Python!")

mydb = mysql.connector.connect(
    host="localhost",  # 数据库主机地址
    user="root",    # 数据库用户名
    password="12345678",   # 数据库密码
    database="runoob_db" # 数据库
)
# print(mydb)

mycursor = mydb.cursor()

# 检查数据库是否存在
# mycursor.execute("SHOW DATABASES")
# for x in mycursor:
#     print(x)

# 创建数据库
# mycursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE runoob_db")

# 创建表格
# mycursor.execute("CREATE TABLE sites(name VARCHAR(255), url VARCHAR(255))")

# 查看数据库表格
# mycursor.execute("SHOW TABLES")
# for x in mycursor:
#     print(x)

# 主键
# mycursor.execute("ALTER TABLE sites ADD COLUMN id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY")

# 插入数据
# sql = "INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s,%s)"
# val = ("RUNOOB", "https://www.runoob.com")
# mycursor.execute(sql, val)
#
# mydb.commit()# 数据表内容有更新,必须使用到该语句
#
# print(mycursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")

# 批量插入数据
# sql = "INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)"
# val = [
#     ('Google', 'https://www.google.com'),
#     ('Github', 'https://www.github.com'),
#     ('Taobao', 'https://www.taobao.com'),
#     ('stackoverflow', 'https://www.stackoverflow.com/')
# ]
#
# mycursor.executemany(sql, val)
# mydb.commit()    # 数据表内容有更新,必须使用到该语句
#
# print(mycursor.rowcount, "记录插入成功。")

# 插入后,获取该记录的 ID
# sql = "INSERT INTO sites (name, url) VALUES (%s, %s)"
# val = ("Zhihu", "https://www.zhihu.com")
# mycursor.execute(sql, val)
#
# mydb.commit()
#
# print("1 条记录已插入, ID:", mycursor.lastrowid)

# 查询数据
# mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites")
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()     # fetchall() 获取所有记录
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 读取指定的字段数据:
# mycursor.execute("SELECT name, url FROM sites")
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 只想读取一条数据,可以使用 fetchone() 方法:
# mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites")
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchone()
#
# print(myresult)

# where 条件语句
# sql = "SELECT * FROM sites WHERE name ='RUNOOB'"
#
# mycursor.execute(sql)
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 使用通配符 %:
# sql = "SELECT * FROM sites WHERE url LIKE '%oo%'"
#
# mycursor.execute(sql)
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用 %s 占位符来转义查询的条件:
# sql = "SELECT * FROM sites WHERE name = %s"
# na = ("RUNOOB", )
#
# mycursor.execute(sql, na)
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 排序 默认为升序
# sql = "SELECT * FROM sites ORDER BY name"
#
# mycursor.execute(sql)
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 降序排序
# sql = "SELECT * FROM sites ORDER BY name DESC"
#
# mycursor.execute(sql)
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# Limit
# mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites LIMIT 3")
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 指定起始位置,使用的关键字是 OFFSET:
# mycursor.execute("SELECT * FROM sites LIMIT 3 OFFSET 1")  # 0 为 第一条,1 为第二条,以此类推
#
# myresult = mycursor.fetchall()
#
# for x in myresult:
#     print(x)

# 删除记录
# sql = "DELETE FROM sites WHERE name = 'stackoverflow'"
#
# mycursor.execute(sql)
#
# mydb.commit()
#
# print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录删除")

# 为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用 %s 占位符来转义删除语句的条件:
# sql = "DELETE FROM sites WHERE name = %s"
# na = ("stackoverflow", )
#
# mycursor.execute(sql, na)
#
# mydb.commit()
#
# print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录删除")

# 更新表数据
# sql = "UPDATE sites SET name = 'ZH' WHERE name = 'Zhihu'"
#
# mycursor.execute(sql)
#
# mydb.commit()
#
# print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录被修改")


# 为了防止数据库查询发生 SQL 注入的攻击,我们可以使用 %s 占位符来转义更新语句的条件:
# sql = "UPDATE sites SET name = %s WHERE name = %s"
# val = ("Zhihu", "ZH")
#
# mycursor.execute(sql, val)
#
# mydb.commit()
#
# print(mycursor.rowcount, " 条记录被修改")


# 删除表
# 删除表使用 "DROP TABLE" 语句, IF EXISTS 关键字是用于判断表是否存在,只有在存在的情况才删除:
sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sites"  # 删除数据表 sites
mycursor.execute(sql)

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