iOS class_ro_t和class_rw_t的区别 category加载过程解析

本文主要介绍class_ro_t和class_rw_t的区别、分类加载过程以及多个分类加载的问题

class_ro_t

class_ro_t存储了当前类在编译期就已经确定的属性方法以及遵循的协议,里面是没有分类的方法的。那些运行时添加的方法将会存储在运行时生成的class_rw_t中。

ro即表示read only,是无法进行修改的。

struct class_ro_t {
    uint32_t flags;
    uint32_t instanceStart;
    uint32_t instanceSize;
#ifdef __LP64__
    uint32_t reserved;
#endif

    const uint8_t * ivarLayout;
    
    const char * name;
    method_list_t * baseMethodList;
    protocol_list_t * baseProtocols;
    const ivar_list_t * ivars;

    const uint8_t * weakIvarLayout;
    property_list_t *baseProperties;

    method_list_t *baseMethods() const {
        return baseMethodList;
    }
}

class_rw_t

ObjC 类中的属性、方法还有遵循的协议等信息都保存在 class_rw_t中:

// 可读可写
struct class_rw_t {
    // Be warned that Symbolication knows the layout of this structure.
    uint32_t flags;
    uint32_t version;

    const class_ro_t *ro; // 指向只读的结构体,存放类初始信息

    /*
     这三个都是二维数组,是可读可写的,包含了类的初始内容、分类的内容。
     methods中,存储 method_list_t ----> method_t
     二维数组,method_list_t --> method_t
     这三个二位数组中的数据有一部分是从class_ro_t中合并过来的。
     */
    method_array_t methods; // 方法列表(类对象存放对象方法,元类对象存放类方法)
    property_array_t properties; // 属性列表
    protocol_array_t protocols; //协议列表

    Class firstSubclass;
    Class nextSiblingClass;
    
    //...
    }

class_rw_t生成时机

class_rw_t生成在运行时,在编译期间,class_ro_t结构体就已经确定,objc_class中的bits的data部分存放着该结构体的地址。在runtime运行之后,具体说来是在运行runtimerealizeClass方法时,会生成class_rw_t结构体,该结构体包含了class_ro_t,并且更新data部分,换成class_rw_t`结构体的地址。

类的realizeClass运行之前:

在这里插入图片描述

类的realizeClass运行之后:
在这里插入图片描述

细看两个结构体的成员变量会发现很多相同的地方,他们都存放着当前类的属性、实例变量、方法、协议等等。区别在于:class_ro_t存放的是编译期间就确定的;而class_rw_t是在runtime时才确定,它会先将class_ro_t的内容拷贝过去,然后再将当前类的分类的这些属性、方法等拷贝到其中。所以可以说class_rw_tclass_ro_t的超集,当然实际访问类的方法、属性等也都是访问的class_rw_t中的内容

摘自 https://www.jianshu.com/p/823eaedb3697

分类方法加载到class_rw_t的流程

  • 程序启动后,通过编译之后,Runtime 会进行初始化,调用 _objc_init
_objc_init`由`dyld`驱动,这个阶段会注册`3`个回调,分别是`mapped`,`init`,`unmapped
/***********************************************************************
* _objc_init
* Bootstrap initialization. Registers our image notifier with dyld.
* Called by libSystem BEFORE library initialization time
**********************************************************************/

void _objc_init(void)
{
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (initialized) return;
    initialized = true;
    
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    environ_init(); //环境调试 例如僵尸模式设置后,就是在这里起作用的
    tls_init(); //tls指的是局部线程存储,可以将数据存储在线程一个公共区域,例如pthread_setspecific(),在autoreleasepool和堆栈信息获取时都有涉及
    static_init(); //执行c++静态构造函数
    lock_init(); //这里获取两个的线程优先级 后台优先级线程以及主线程
    exception_init(); //这里初始化libobjc的exception处理系统

    _dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
}
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比较核心的是_dyld_objc_notify_register方法

_dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
1

map_images

  • 然后会 map_images
void
map_images(unsigned count, const char * const paths[],
           const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    rwlock_writer_t lock(runtimeLock);
    return map_images_nolock(count, paths, mhdrs);
}
1234567
  • 接下来调用map_images_nolock
void 
map_images_nolock(unsigned mhCount, const char * const mhPaths[],
                  const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    //.... 略去一大块
    if (hCount > 0) {
        _read_images(hList, hCount, totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
    }
    //...
}

1234567891011
  • 再然后就是 _read_images,这个方法会读取所有的类的相关信息。根据注释,_read_images 方法主要做了下面这些事情:

_read_images 方法写了很长,其实就是做了一件事,将Mach-O文件的section依次读取,并根据内容初始化runtime的内存结构。

  1. 是否需要禁用isa优化。这里有三种情况:使用了swift 3.0前的swift代码。OSX版本早于10.11。在OSX系统下,Mach-ODATA段明确指明了__objc_rawisa(不使用优化的isa).

苹果从ARM64位架构开始,对isa进行了优化,将其定义成一个共用体(union)结构,结合 位域 的概念以及 位运算 的方式来存储更多类相关信息。isa指针需要通过与一个叫ISA_MASK的值(掩码)进行二进制&运算,才能得到真实的class/meta-class对象的地址。
参考文章 https://www.jianshu.com/p/30de582dbeb7

  1. 判断是否禁用了tagged pointer
  2. __objc_classlist section中读取class list
  3. __objc_classrefs section中读取class 引用的信息,并调用remapClassRef方法来处理。
  4. __objc_selrefs section中读取selector的引用信息,并调用sel_registerNameNoLock方法处理。
  5. __objc_protolist section中读取clsProtocol信息,并调用readProtocol方法来读取Protocol信息。
  6. __objc_protorefs section中读取protocol的ref信息,并调用remapProtocolRef方法来处理。
  7. __objc_nlclslist section中读取non-lazy class信息,并调用static Class realizeClass(Class cls)方法来实现这些class。realizeClass方法核心是初始化objc_class数据结构,赋予初始值。
  8. __objc_catlist section中读取category信息,并调用addUnattachedCategoryForClass方法来为类或元类添加对应的方法,属性和协议。
  • 调用 reMethodizeClass:,这个方法是重新方法化的意思。
  • reMethodizeClass:方法内部会调用attachCategories: ,这个方法会传入 ClassCategory,会将方法列表,协议列表等与原有的类合并。最后加入到 class_rw_t 结构体中。

load_images

构造好 class_rw_t 之后,load_images 调用 call_load_methods 就是开始调用类的+load方法和分类的+load方法了

/***********************************************************************
* call_load_methods
* Call all pending class and category +load methods.
* Class +load methods are called superclass-first. 
* Category +load methods are not called until after the parent class's +load.
* 
* This method must be RE-ENTRANT, because a +load could trigger 
* more image mapping. In addition, the superclass-first ordering 
* must be preserved in the face of re-entrant calls. Therefore, 
* only the OUTERMOST call of this function will do anything, and 
* that call will handle all loadable classes, even those generated 
* while it was running.
*
* The sequence below preserves +load ordering in the face of 
* image loading during a +load, and make sure that no 
* +load method is forgotten because it was added during 
* a +load call.
* Sequence:
* 1. Repeatedly call class +loads until there aren't any more
* 2. Call category +loads ONCE.
* 3. Run more +loads if:
*    (a) there are more classes to load, OR
*    (b) there are some potential category +loads that have 
*        still never been attempted.
* Category +loads are only run once to ensure "parent class first" 
* ordering, even if a category +load triggers a new loadable class 
* and a new loadable category attached to that class. 
*
* Locking: loadMethodLock must be held by the caller 
*   All other locks must not be held.
**********************************************************************/
void call_load_methods(void)
{
    static bool loading = NO;
    bool more_categories;

    loadMethodLock.assertLocked();

    // Re-entrant calls do nothing; the outermost call will finish the job.
    if (loading) return;
    loading = YES;

    void *pool = objc_autoreleasePoolPush();

    do {
        // 1. Repeatedly call class +loads until there aren't any more
        while (loadable_classes_used > 0) {
            call_class_loads();
        }

        // 2. Call category +loads ONCE
        more_categories = call_category_loads();

        // 3. Run more +loads if there are classes OR more untried categories
    } while (loadable_classes_used > 0  ||  more_categories);

    objc_autoreleasePoolPop(pool);

    loading = NO;
}

unmap_image

unmap_image` 调用 `_unload_image

涉及一些资源的释放,例如 unattached list+load queue,将每个类分离后,进行释放

/***********************************************************************
* _unload_image
* Only handles MH_BUNDLE for now.
* Locking: write-lock and loadMethodLock acquired by unmap_image
**********************************************************************/
void _unload_image(header_info *hi)
{
    size_t count, i;

    loadMethodLock.assertLocked();
    runtimeLock.assertWriting();

    // Unload unattached categories and categories waiting for +load.

    category_t **catlist = _getObjc2CategoryList(hi, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        category_t *cat = catlist[i];
        if (!cat) continue;  // category for ignored weak-linked class
        Class cls = remapClass(cat->cls);
        assert(cls);  // shouldn't have live category for dead class

        // fixme for MH_DYLIB cat's class may have been unloaded already

        // unattached list
        removeUnattachedCategoryForClass(cat, cls);

        // +load queue
        remove_category_from_loadable_list(cat);
    }

    // Unload classes.

    // Gather classes from both __DATA,__objc_clslist 
    // and __DATA,__objc_nlclslist. arclite's hack puts a class in the latter
    // only, and we need to unload that class if we unload an arclite image.

    NXHashTable *classes = NXCreateHashTable(NXPtrPrototype, 0, nil);
    classref_t *classlist;

    classlist = _getObjc2ClassList(hi, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        Class cls = remapClass(classlist[i]);
        if (cls) NXHashInsert(classes, cls);
    }

    classlist = _getObjc2NonlazyClassList(hi, &count);
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        Class cls = remapClass(classlist[i]);
        if (cls) NXHashInsert(classes, cls);
    }

    // First detach classes from each other. Then free each class.
    // This avoid bugs where this loop unloads a subclass before its superclass

    NXHashState hs;
    Class cls;

    hs = NXInitHashState(classes);
    while (NXNextHashState(classes, &hs, (void**)&cls)) {
        remove_class_from_loadable_list(cls);
        detach_class(cls->ISA(), YES);
        detach_class(cls, NO);
    }
    hs = NXInitHashState(classes);
    while (NXNextHashState(classes, &hs, (void**)&cls)) {
        free_class(cls->ISA());
        free_class(cls);
    }

    NXFreeHashTable(classes);
    
    // XXX FIXME -- Clean up protocols:
    //  Support unloading protocols at dylib/image unload time

    // fixme DebugUnload
}

两个category的load方法的加载顺序,两个category的同名方法的加载顺序

+load 方法是 images 加载的时候调用,假设有一个 Person 类,其主类和所有分类的 +load 都会被调用,优先级是先调用主类,且如果主类有继承链,那么加载顺序还必须是基类的 +load ,接着是父类,最后是子类;category 的 +load 则是按照编译顺序来的,先编译的先调用,后编译的后调用,可在 Xcode 的 BuildPhase 中查看,测试 Demo 可点击下载运行;

另外一个问题是 initialize 的加载顺序,其实是类第一次被使用到的时候会被调用,底层实现有个逻辑先判断父类是否被初始化过,没有则先调用父类,然后在调用当前类的 initialize 方法;试想一种情况,一个类 A 存在多个 category ,且 category中各自实现了 initialize 方法,这时候走的是 消息发送流程,也就说 initialize 方法只会调用一次,也就是最后编译的那个category中的 initialize 方法,验证demo见上;

再考虑一种情况:如果+load 方法中调用了其他类:比如 B 的某个方法,其实说白了就是走消息发送流程,由于 B 没有初始化过,则会调用其 initialize 方法,但此刻 B 的 +load 方法可能还没有被系统调用过。

小结: 不管是 load 还是 initialize 方法都是 runtime 底层自动调用的,如果开发自己手动进行了 [super load] 或者 [super initialize] 方法,实际上是走消息发送流程,那么这里也涉及了一个调用流程,需要引起注意。

... -> realizeClass -> methodizeClass(用于Attach categories)-> attachCategories 关键就是在 methodizeClass 方法实现中

static void methodizeClass(Class cls)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();
    auto rw = cls->data();
    auto ro = rw->ro;
    
    // =======================================
        // 省略.....
    // =======================================
  
    property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
    if (proplist) {
        rw->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
    }

    // =======================================
        // 省略.....
    // =======================================

    // Attach categories.
    category_list *cats = unattachedCategoriesForClass(cls, true /*realizing*/);
    attachCategories(cls, cats, false /*don't flush caches*/);

    // =======================================
        // 省略.....
    // =======================================
    
    if (cats) free(cats);

}

上面代码能确定 baseProperties 在前,category 在后,但决定顺序的是 rw->properties.attachLists 这个方法:

property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
if (proplist) {
  rw->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
}

/// category 被附加进去
void attachLists(List* const * addedLists, uint32_t addedCount) {
        if (addedCount == 0) return;

        if (hasArray()) {
            // many lists -> many lists
            uint32_t oldCount = array()->count;
            uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
            setArray((array_t *)realloc(array(), array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
            array()->count = newCount;
            
            // 将旧内容移动偏移量 addedCount 然后将 addedLists copy 到起始位置
            /*
                struct array_t {
                        uint32_t count;
                        List* lists[0];
                        };
            */
            memmove(array()->lists + addedCount, array()->lists, 
                    oldCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
            memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
                   addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
        }
        else if (!list  &&  addedCount == 1) {
            // 0 lists -> 1 list
            list = addedLists[0];
        } 
        else {
            // 1 list -> many lists
            List* oldList = list;
            uint32_t oldCount = oldList ? 1 : 0;
            uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
            setArray((array_t *)malloc(array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
            array()->count = newCount;
            if (oldList) array()->lists[addedCount] = oldList;
            memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
                   addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
        }
    }

所以 category 的属性总是在前面的,baseClass的属性被往后偏移了。

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