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Spring Cloud Hystrix 是Spring Cloud Netflix 子项目的核心组件之一,具有服务容错及线程隔离等一系列服务保护功能,本文将对其用法进行详细介绍。
在微服务架构中,服务与服务之间通过远程调用的方式进行通信,一旦某个被调用的服务发生了故障,其依赖服务也会发生故障,此时就会发生故障的蔓延,最终导致系统瘫痪。Hystrix实现了断路器模式,当某个服务发生故障时,通过断路器的监控,给调用方返回一个错误响应,而不是长时间的等待,这样就不会使得调用方由于长时间得不到响应而占用线程,从而防止故障的蔓延。Hystrix具备服务降级、服务熔断、线程隔离、请求缓存、请求合并及服务监控等强大功能。
这里我们创建一个hystrix-service模块来演示hystrix的常用功能。
复制代码
org.springframework.cloud
spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client
org.springframework.cloud
spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix
org.springframework.boot
spring-boot-starter-web
主要是配置了端口、注册中心地址及user-service的调用路径。
复制代码server:
port: 8401
spring:
application:
name: hystrix-service
eureka:
client:
register-with-eureka: true
fetch-registry: true
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
service-url:
user-service: http://user-service
复制代码@EnableCircuitBreaker
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@SpringBootApplication
public class HystrixServiceApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HystrixServiceApplication.class, args);
}
复制代码@GetMapping("/testFallback/{id}")
public CommonResult testFallback(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUser(id);
}
复制代码@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "getDefaultUser")
public CommonResult getUser(Long id) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
}
public CommonResult getDefaultUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
User defaultUser = new User(-1L, "defaultUser", "123456");
return new CommonResult<>(defaultUser);
}
复制代码@GetMapping("/testCommand/{id}")
public CommonResult testCommand(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUserCommand(id);
}
复制代码 @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "getDefaultUser",
commandKey = "getUserCommand",
groupKey = "getUserGroup",
threadPoolKey = "getUserThreadPool")
public CommonResult getUserCommand(@PathVariable Long id) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
}
复制代码@GetMapping("/testException/{id}")
public CommonResult testException(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.getUserException(id);
}
复制代码@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "getDefaultUser2", ignoreExceptions = {NullPointerException.class})
public CommonResult getUserException(Long id) {
if (id == 1) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
} else if (id == 2) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
}
public CommonResult getDefaultUser2(@PathVariable Long id, Throwable e) {
LOGGER.error("getDefaultUser2 id:{},throwable class:{}", id, e.getClass());
User defaultUser = new User(-2L, "defaultUser2", "123456");
return new CommonResult<>(defaultUser);
}
当系统并发量越来越大时,我们需要使用缓存来优化系统,达到减轻并发请求线程数,提供响应速度的效果。
复制代码@GetMapping("/testCache/{id}")
public CommonResult testCache(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
复制代码@CacheResult(cacheKeyMethod = "getCacheKey")
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "getDefaultUser", commandKey = "getUserCache")
public CommonResult getUserCache(Long id) {
LOGGER.info("getUserCache id:{}", id);
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
}
/**
* 为缓存生成key的方法
*/
public String getCacheKey(Long id) {
return String.valueOf(id);
}
复制代码@GetMapping("/testRemoveCache/{id}")
public CommonResult testRemoveCache(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.getUserCache(id);
userService.removeCache(id);
userService.getUserCache(id);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
复制代码@CacheRemove(commandKey = "getUserCache", cacheKeyMethod = "getCacheKey")
@HystrixCommand
public CommonResult removeCache(Long id) {
LOGGER.info("removeCache id:{}", id);
return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, CommonResult.class, id);
}
复制代码java.lang.IllegalStateException: Request caching is not available. Maybe you need to initialize the HystrixRequestContext?
at com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixRequestCache.get(HystrixRequestCache.java:104) ~[hystrix-core-1.5.18.jar:1.5.18]
at com.netflix.hystrix.AbstractCommand$7.call(AbstractCommand.java:478) ~[hystrix-core-1.5.18.jar:1.5.18]
at com.netflix.hystrix.AbstractCommand$7.call(AbstractCommand.java:454) ~[hystrix-core-1.5.18.jar:1.5.18]
复制代码/**
* Created by macro on 2019/9/4.
*/
@Component
@WebFilter(urlPatterns = "/*",asyncSupported = true)
public class HystrixRequestContextFilter implements Filter {
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext();
try {
filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest, servletResponse);
} finally {
context.close();
}
}
}
微服务系统中的服务间通信,需要通过远程调用来实现,随着调用次数越来越多,占用线程资源也会越来越多。Hystrix中提供了@HystrixCollapser用于合并请求,从而达到减少通信消耗及线程数量的效果。
复制代码@GetMapping("/testCollapser")
public CommonResult testCollapser() throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
Future future1 = userService.getUserFuture(1L);
Future future2 = userService.getUserFuture(2L);
future1.get();
future2.get();
ThreadUtil.safeSleep(200);
Future future3 = userService.getUserFuture(3L);
future3.get();
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
复制代码@HystrixCollapser(batchMethod = "getUserByIds",collapserProperties = {
@HystrixProperty(name = "timerDelayInMilliseconds", value = "100")
})
public Future getUserFuture(Long id) {
return new AsyncResult(){
@Override
public User invoke() {
CommonResult commonResult = restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
Map data = (Map) commonResult.getData();
User user = BeanUtil.mapToBean(data,User.class,true);
LOGGER.info("getUserById username:{}", user.getUsername());
return user;
}
};
}
@HystrixCommand
public List getUserByIds(List ids) {
LOGGER.info("getUserByIds:{}", ids);
CommonResult commonResult = restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/getUserByIds?ids={1}", CommonResult.class, CollUtil.join(ids,","));
return (List) commonResult.getData();
}
复制代码hystrix:
command: #用于控制HystrixCommand的行为
default:
execution:
isolation:
strategy: THREAD #控制HystrixCommand的隔离策略,THREAD->线程池隔离策略(默认),SEMAPHORE->信号量隔离策略
thread:
timeoutInMilliseconds: 1000 #配置HystrixCommand执行的超时时间,执行超过该时间会进行服务降级处理
interruptOnTimeout: true #配置HystrixCommand执行超时的时候是否要中断
interruptOnCancel: true #配置HystrixCommand执行被取消的时候是否要中断
timeout:
enabled: true #配置HystrixCommand的执行是否启用超时时间
semaphore:
maxConcurrentRequests: 10 #当使用信号量隔离策略时,用来控制并发量的大小,超过该并发量的请求会被拒绝
fallback:
enabled: true #用于控制是否启用服务降级
circuitBreaker: #用于控制HystrixCircuitBreaker的行为
enabled: true #用于控制断路器是否跟踪健康状况以及熔断请求
requestVolumeThreshold: 20 #超过该请求数的请求会被拒绝
forceOpen: false #强制打开断路器,拒绝所有请求
forceClosed: false #强制关闭断路器,接收所有请求
requestCache:
enabled: true #用于控制是否开启请求缓存
collapser: #用于控制HystrixCollapser的执行行为
default:
maxRequestsInBatch: 100 #控制一次合并请求合并的最大请求数
timerDelayinMilliseconds: 10 #控制多少毫秒内的请求会被合并成一个
requestCache:
enabled: true #控制合并请求是否开启缓存
threadpool: #用于控制HystrixCommand执行所在线程池的行为
default:
coreSize: 10 #线程池的核心线程数
maximumSize: 10 #线程池的最大线程数,超过该线程数的请求会被拒绝
maxQueueSize: -1 #用于设置线程池的最大队列大小,-1采用SynchronousQueue,其他正数采用LinkedBlockingQueue
queueSizeRejectionThreshold: 5 #用于设置线程池队列的拒绝阀值,由于LinkedBlockingQueue不能动态改版大小,使用时需要用该参数来控制线程数
实例配置只需要将全局配置中的default换成与之对应的key即可。
复制代码hystrix:
command:
HystrixComandKey: #将default换成HystrixComrnandKey
execution:
isolation:
strategy: THREAD
collapser:
HystrixCollapserKey: #将default换成HystrixCollapserKey
maxRequestsInBatch: 100
threadpool:
HystrixThreadPoolKey: #将default换成HystrixThreadPoolKey
coreSize: 10
复制代码springcloud-learning
├── eureka-server -- eureka注册中心
├── user-service -- 提供User对象CRUD接口的服务
└── hystrix-service -- hystrix服务调用测试服务
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