即事名篇,无复依傍。或曰:别辟门户,胡诌乱道。
《我为什么写作》恰逢复旦馆庆百年借的,也算是有些纪念意义了。该书选入作者《如此欢乐童年》一类忆旧、纪实作品以及《我为什么要写作》、《政治与英语》等论文。这近20篇文章是奥威尔于不同时期发表在不同杂志上的随笔,反映了他的童年生活,工作经历,革命经历,以及并不太长的作为一个严肃作家的经历。首次了解到这本书,是听台大欧老师提及。该书的中文版由董乐山先生翻译,经由上海译文11年再版。董先生是大家,作为晚辈,我也只能从喜爱与否的角度略谈一句:前半部分读的有些拗口,后半部分顺畅多了,全书亮点翻译就是“傻包”和“翻脸”。
后来,把英文版找来重新读了一遍。
Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization, and helped make us who we are.
Whether puncturing the lies of politicians, wittily dissecting the English character or telling unpalatable truths about war, Orwell's timeless, uncompromising essays are more relevant, entertaining and essential than ever in today's era of spin.
这里面核心文章,也就是该书的书名:我为什么写作这一篇,其中提到写作的四个动机。
1. Sheer egoism. Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood, etc. etc. It is humbug to pretend that this is not a motive, a strong one. Writers share this characteristic with scientists, artists, politicians, lawyers, soldiers, successful businessmen—in short, with the whole top crust of humanity. The great mass of human beings are not acutely selfish. After the age of about thirty they abandon individual ambition—in many cases, indeed, they almost abandon the sense of being individuals at all—and live chiefly for others, or are simply smothered under drudgery. But there is also the minority of gifted, wilful people who are determined to live their own lives to the end, and writers belong in this class. Serious writers, I should say, are on the whole more vain and self-centered than journalists,though less interested in money.
纯粹的自我中心。希望显得聪明,为大家谈论,死后留名,向那些在你童年的时候冷落你的大人出口气,等等,等等。……作家同科学家、艺术家、政治家、律师、军人、成功的商家——总而言之,人类的全部上层精华——都有这种特性。而广大的人类大众却不是这么强烈的自私。他们在大约三十岁以后就放弃了个人抱负——说真的,在许多情况下,他们几乎根本放弃了自己是个个人的意识——主要是为别人活着,或者干脆就是被单调无味的生活重轭压得透不过气来。但是,也有少数有才华有个性的人决心要过自己的生活到底,作家就属于这一阶层。我应该说,严肃的作家整体来说比新闻记者更加有虚荣心和以自我为中心,尽管不如新闻记者那样看重金钱。
2. Aesthetic enthusiasm. Perception of beauty in the external world, or, on the other hand, in words and their right arrangement. Pleasure in the impact of one sound on another, in the firmness of good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed. The aesthetic motive is very feeble in a lot of writers, but even a pamphleteer or a writer of textbooks will have pet words and phrases which appeal to him for non-utilitarian reasons; or he may feel strongly about typography, width of margins, etc. Above the level of a railway guide, no book is quite free from aesthetic considerations.
审美方面的热情。欣赏外部世界的美,活着,在另一方面,欣赏词语和它们正确组合的美。享受一个声音的冲击力或者它对另一个声音的冲击力,享受一篇好文章的铿锵有力或者一个好故事的节奏明确。希望分享一种你觉得是有价值的和不应该错过的经验。在不少作家身上,审美动机是很微弱的,但是即使一个写时论的或者编教科书的作家都有一些爱用的词句,对他有非功利的吸引力;或者他可能特别喜欢某一种印刷字体、页边的宽窄,等等。任何书,凡是超过火车时刻表水平以上的,都不能完全摆脱审美的考虑。
3. Historical impulse. Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity.
历史方面的冲动。希望看到事物的如实面貌,找出真正的事实把他们存起来供后代使用
4. Political purpose—using the word “political” in the widest possible sense. Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people’s idea of the kind of society that they should strive after. Once again, no book is genuinely free from political bias. The opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is itself a political attitude.
政治方面的目的--这里所用“政治”一词是指它的最大程度的泛义而言。希望把世界推往一定的方向,改变别人对他们要努力争取的到底是哪一种社会的想法。再说一遍,没有一本书是能够真正做到脱离政治倾向的。有人认为艺术应当脱离政治,这种意见本身就是一种政治态度。
(注:英语摘自George Orwell Why I Write, 译文为董先生翻译。)
在这篇文章中,奥威尔称自己为一个政治作家。他认为西班牙内战对他个人意义在于塑造了他写作的政治倾向:
The Spanish war and other events in 1936-37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it.
他自己本人坦言前三个动机要比第四个动机更要重要。他无法明确的知道自己政治忠诚度,因为他所处的年代动荡不安。在1936年至1937年间里,他的愿望是把政治写作变成一种艺术。乔治奥威尔对自己《1984》评论:“我之所以写一部书,并不是要加工一部艺术品,而是因为我有谎言要揭露。但是,如果这不能同时也成为一次审美的活动,我是不会写的。”
很多人第一次了解George Orwell 是通过《动物庄园》和《1984》这两部反极权主义的经典名著;而我,作为,老版新概念脑残粉,第一次了解他是新概念4的一篇文章The Sporting Spirit。文章篇幅短小,但是可见其言辞犀利、说话精准。
2017年2月12日,周日我下班之后,从浦东的地铁刚回徐汇,刷手机看到一篇题为《寻找上海最漂亮的书店》文章提到位于上海博物馆附近的1984 Bookstore, 恰巧离我住的地方也很近,所以即便身心疲惫,还是心向往之。
1984 Bookstore是一家独立书店,具体位置就是湖南路11号。看起来,很不起眼,不细心的童鞋可能一时半会儿找不到;我就是闭着眼睛走过去,回头才找着的。进户走廊是蓝色的,楼梯旁有一面超大的镜子,以前来增加空间感。透过走廊视线能落到屋内大厅的一只角落,勾引出对神秘的窥探欲。走进去以后可以发现其实内部空间相当宽敞的,甚至拥有一个不小的院子。里屋的墙壁刷成了红色,和大厅的蓝色形成对比。架子上放满了各种复古的东西,书三三两两放置于各处,随手都可以翻到。真正在阅读的顾客不多,大部分都在会友或者集体活动,1984提供了一个良好的场所。想起那天管老师上课,说现在流行function,大家没事掏钱聚在一起“看乌龟”,这个梗我估计要笑很久。
时隔一年有余,现在回忆,依旧记得当时下午斜阳夕照,美的我睁不开眼;我一直坐到太阳落山,在暮色里听着隔壁院子里孩子嬉笑......
虽然我从不觉着书店是个适合读书的地方,但是却是触发新思想的按钮,当然,本身这些地方的意义就是和朋友一起虚度光阴,若干年,回忆起,某个午后,和某人,在一起度过,这就是生活的意义。
博尔赫斯:我写作,不是为了名声,也不是为了特定的读者,我写作是为了光阴流逝使我心安。
川端康成:即使靠一枝笔沦落于赤贫之中,我微弱而敏感的心灵也已无法和文学分开。
杜拉斯:身处于一个洞穴之中,身处于一个洞穴之底,身处于几乎完全的孤独之中,这时,你会发现写作会拯救你。
巴尔扎克:拿破仑用剑没有办到的,我要用笔来完成。
那么,正在阅读的你,为什么写作?
原创:Shiny(樱花树下的骑士)