基于链表实现贪吃蛇游戏

本文中，我们将使用链表和一些Win32 API的知识来实现贪吃蛇小游戏

一、功能

（1）游戏载入界面

（2）地图的绘制

（3）蛇身的移动和变长

（4）食物的生成

（5）死亡判定

（6）计算得分

（7）退出游戏和暂停游戏

实现贪吃蛇小游戏，我们需要创建3个文件来实现不同的部分

• Snake.c：游戏函数的实现
• Snake.h：结构体定义、头文件引用、宏定义和函数声明
• test.c：主函数的实现

二、Snake.h 

#pragma once
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

#define KEY_PRESS(VK) ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK) & 0x1) ? 1 : 0)

#define WALL L'□'
#define BODY L'●'
#define FOOD L'★'

//蛇的初始位置
#define POS_X 24
#define POS_Y 5

enum GAME_STATUS
{
	RUN,
	ESC,
	KILL_BY_WALL,
	KILL_BY_SELF,
};

enum DIRECTION
{
	UP,
	DOWN,
	LEFT,
	RIGHT,
};

//蛇⾝节点
typedef struct SnakeNode
{
	short x;
	short y;
	struct SnakeNode* next;
}SnakeNode;

typedef struct Snake
{
	SnakeNode* pSnake;//指向蛇头
	SnakeNode* Food; 
	int SleepTime;
	int Score;
	int FoodScore;
	enum GAME_STATUS Status;
	enum DIRECTION Dir;
}Snake;

void GameStart(Snake* ps);

void GameRun(Snake* ps);

void GameEnd(Snake* ps);

void SetPos(short x, short y);//设置光标坐标

void WelcomeToGame();//欢迎界面

void CreateMap();//创建地图

void InitSnake(Snake* ps);//初始化蛇

void CreateFood(Snake* ps);//生成食物

void PrintHelpInfo();//打印教程

void SnakeMove(Snake* ps);//蛇身移动

void EatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next);//移动后吃到食物

void NotEatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next);//移动后没吃到食物

void KillByWall(Snake* ps);//检测是否撞墙

void KillBySelf(Snake* ps);//检测是否撞到自己

三、Snake.c

在Snake.c中，我们将整个游戏拆分成游戏前的准备、游戏运行中和游戏结束后三部分

首先要在头文件中定义蛇的节点等相关信息

enum GAME_STATUS //游戏状态的枚举
{
	RUN, //游戏正常运行中
	ESC, //正常退出游戏
	KILL_BY_WALL, //撞到墙导致游戏结束
	KILL_BY_SELF, //撞到自己导致游戏结束
};

enum DIRECTION //蛇身方向的枚举
{
	UP,
	DOWN,
	LEFT,
	RIGHT,
};

//蛇⾝节点
typedef struct SnakeNode
{
	short x; //x轴坐标
	short y; //y轴坐标
	struct SnakeNode* next;
}SnakeNode;

typedef struct Snake
{
	SnakeNode* pSnake; //指向蛇头
	SnakeNode* Food;  //指向食物
	int SleepTime; //蛇身运动的速度
	int Score; //总分数
	int FoodScore; //每个食物的分数
	enum GAME_STATUS Status; //游戏运行的状态
	enum DIRECTION Dir; //蛇身方向
}Snake;

接下来就可以开始设计游戏前的准备程序了

2.1 游戏前的准备

为了美观，我们可以使用一些cmd命令来设置控制台窗口的长宽等信息

控制台窗口实际上是有坐标的，也就是有行和列的

最左上角的位置的坐标为（0，0），像这样的一个字符高为1 宽为1

所以我们可以通过cmd命令将控制台设置为30行，100列，并将标题改成贪吃蛇

void GameStart(Snake* ps)
{
	system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");
	system("title 贪吃蛇");

	HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);//获得设备句柄
	CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;
	GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);      //获得光标信息
	CursorInfo.bVisible = false;                    //设置光标为不可见
	SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);      //保存光标信息
	//欢迎界面
	WelcomeToGame();
	//创建地图
	CreateMap();
	//初始化蛇
	InitSnake(ps);
	//生成食物
	CreateFood(ps);
}

将剩下的四个功能分别分装在四个函数中

（1）欢迎界面

void WelcomeToGame()//欢迎界面
{
	SetPos(45, 10);
	printf("欢迎来到贪吃蛇小游戏");
	SetPos(45, 15);
	system("pause");
	system("cls");
	SetPos(35, 10);
	printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动，F3为加速，F4为减速");
	SetPos(35, 11);
	printf("加速能得到更多的分数");
	SetPos(45, 15);
	system("pause");
	system("cls");
}

其中，SetPos函数是用来设置光标坐标的，因为在控制台中printf中的内容会从光标的位置开始打印。

void SetPos(short x, short y) // 设置光标坐标
{
	COORD pos = {x, y};
	HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
	SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, pos);
}

完成后的效果如下：

（2）创建地图

创建地图时需要用到宽字符的打印，宽字符也就是高为1 宽为2的字符，需要用wprintf函数打印

void CreateMap() // 创建地图
{
	SetPos(0, 0);
	int i = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2)
	{
		SetPos(i, 0);
		wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');
	}
	for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2)
	{
		SetPos(i, 26);
		wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');
	}
	for (i = 1; i < 26; i++)
	{
		SetPos(0, i);
		wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');
	}
	for (i = 1; i < 26; i++)
	{
		SetPos(56, i);
		wprintf(L"%lc", L'□');
	}
}

我们也可以用宏定义将 L'□' 替换

#define WALL L'□'

（3）初始化蛇

void InitSnake(Snake *ps) // 初始化蛇
{
	SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake = NULL;
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	{
		cur = (SnakeNode *)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));
		if (cur == NULL)
		{
			perror("InitSnake:malloc fail");
			return;
		}
		cur->next = NULL;
		cur->x = POS_X + i * 2;
		cur->y = POS_Y;
		if (ps->pSnake == NULL)
			ps->pSnake = cur;
		else
		{
			cur->next = ps->pSnake;
			ps->pSnake = cur;
		}
	}

	while (cur)
	{
		SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);
		wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	ps->Food = NULL;
	ps->SleepTime = 200;
	ps->Score = 0;
	ps->FoodScore = 10;
	ps->Status = RUN;
	ps->Dir = RIGHT;
}

这里的蛇身和蛇的初始位置也用了宏定义

#define BODY L'●'
//蛇的初始位置
#define POS_X 24
#define POS_Y 5

 （4）生成食物

void CreateFood(Snake *ps) // 生成食物
{
	int x = 0;
	int y = 0;
	SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake;
again:
	do
	{
		x = rand() % 53 + 2;
		y = rand() % 25 + 1;
	} while (x % 2 == 1);

	while (cur)
	{
		if (cur->x == x || cur->y == y)
		{
			goto again;
			break;
		}
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	ps->Food = (SnakeNode *)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));
	if (ps->Food == NULL)
	{
		perror("CreateFood:malloc fail");
		return;
	}

	ps->Food->x = x;
	ps->Food->y = y;
	SetPos(x, y);
	wprintf(L"%lc", FOOD);
}

这里的食物也用了宏定义

#define FOOD L'★'

2.2 游戏运行中

这一部分需要包含分数等信息的打印和按键输入的判定等功能

这里将按键输入的判断封装为了宏

#define KEY_PRESS(VK) ((GetAsyncKeyState(VK) & 0x1) ? 1 : 0)

GetAsyncKeyState的返回值是short类型，在上一次调用完该函数后，如果返回的16位的short数据中最高位是1，说明按键的状态为按下，最高位是0则为抬起 

void GameRun(Snake* ps)
{
	PrintHelpInfo();//打印教程
	do
	{
		//打印信息
		SetPos(60, 10);
		printf("当前得分:%2d", ps->Score);
		SetPos(60, 11);
		printf("当前速度:%3d", (400 - ps->SleepTime) / 40);
		SetPos(60, 12);
		printf("每个食物得分:%2d", ps->FoodScore);

		//判断按键
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_UP) && ps->Dir != DOWN)
		{
			ps->Dir = UP;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_DOWN) && ps->Dir != UP)
		{
			ps->Dir = DOWN;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_LEFT) && ps->Dir != RIGHT)
		{
			ps->Dir = LEFT;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_RIGHT) && ps->Dir != LEFT)
		{
			ps->Dir = RIGHT;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_ESCAPE))
		{
			ps->Status = ESC;
			break;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE))
		{
			pause();
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F3))
		{
			if (ps->SleepTime > 40)
			{
				ps->SleepTime -= 40;
				ps->FoodScore += 2;
			}
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F4))
		{
			if (ps->FoodScore > 2)
			{
				ps->SleepTime += 40;
				ps->FoodScore -= 2;
			}
		}

		Sleep(ps->SleepTime);
		//蛇身移动
		SnakeMove(ps);

	} while (ps->Status == RUN);
}

（1）打印教程

void PrintHelpInfo() // 打印教程
{
	SetPos(60, 16);
	printf("请按空格键开始游戏");
	SetPos(60, 17);
	printf("不能撞到墙上或者撞到自己");
	SetPos(60, 18);
	printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动");
	SetPos(60, 19);
	printf("F3为加速，F4为减速");
	SetPos(60, 20);
	printf("ESC：退出游戏  space：暂停游戏");
}

效果如下

（2）暂停游戏

void pause() // 暂停游戏
{
	while (1)
	{
		Sleep(200);
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE))
		{
			break;
		}
	}
}

（3）蛇身移动

void SnakeMove(Snake *ps) // 蛇身移动
{
	SnakeNode *next = (SnakeNode *)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));
	if (next == NULL)
	{
		perror("SnakeMove:malloc fail");
		return;
	}

	switch (ps->Dir)
	{
	case UP:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y - 1;
		break;
	case DOWN:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y + 1;
		break;
	case LEFT:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x - 2;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y;
		break;
	case RIGHT:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x + 2;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y;
		break;
	}

	if (next->x == ps->Food->x && next->y == ps->Food->y)
		EatFood(ps, next);
	else
		NotEatFood(ps, next);

	KillByWall(ps);

	KillBySelf(ps);
}

（4）移动后吃到食物的情况

void EatFood(Snake *ps, SnakeNode *next) // 移动后吃到食物
{
	next->next = ps->pSnake;
	ps->pSnake = next;
	SetPos(next->x, next->y);
	wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);

	ps->Score += ps->FoodScore;
	free(ps->Food);
	ps->Food = NULL;
	CreateFood(ps);
}

（5）移动后没吃到食物的情况

void NotEatFood(Snake *ps, SnakeNode *next) // 移动后没吃到食物
{
	next->next = ps->pSnake;
	ps->pSnake = next;
	SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake;
	while (cur->next->next)
	{
		SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);
		wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	SetPos(cur->next->x, cur->next->y);
	printf("  ");
	free(cur->next);
	cur->next = NULL; // 不置空会出现问题
}

（6）检测是否撞墙

void KillByWall(Snake *ps) // 检测是否撞墙
{
	if (ps->pSnake->x == 0 ||
		ps->pSnake->x == 56 ||
		ps->pSnake->y == 0 ||
		ps->pSnake->y == 25)
	{
		ps->Status = KILL_BY_WALL;
	}
}

（7）检测是否撞到自己

void KillBySelf(Snake *ps) // 检测是否撞到自己
{
	SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake->next;
	while (cur)
	{
		if (ps->pSnake->x == cur->x && ps->pSnake->y == cur->y)
		{
			ps->Status = KILL_BY_SELF;
		}
		cur = cur->next;
	}
}

2.3 游戏结束后

void GameEnd(Snake *ps)
{
	SetPos(24, 12);

	switch (ps->Status)
	{
	case KILL_BY_SELF:
		printf("你撞到了自己");
		break;
	case KILL_BY_WALL:
		printf("你撞到墙了");
		break;
	case ESC:
		printf("游戏退出中...");
		break;
	}

	SnakeNode *cur = ps->pSnake;
	while (ps->pSnake)
	{
		ps->pSnake = ps->pSnake->next;
		free(cur);
		cur = ps->pSnake;
	}
}

2.4 完整代码

#include "snake.h"

void SetPos(short x, short y)//设置光标坐标
{
	COORD pos = { x,y };
	HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
	SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, pos);
}

void WelcomeToGame()//欢迎界面
{
	SetPos(45, 10);
	printf("欢迎来到贪吃蛇小游戏");
	SetPos(45, 15);
	system("pause");
	system("cls");
	SetPos(35, 10);
	printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动，F3为加速，F4为减速");
	SetPos(35, 11);
	printf("加速能得到更多的分数");
	SetPos(45, 15);
	system("pause");
	system("cls");
}

void CreateMap()//创建地图
{
	SetPos(0, 0);
	int i = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2)
	{
		SetPos(i, 0);
		wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);
	}
	for (i = 0; i < 58; i += 2)
	{
		SetPos(i, 26);
		wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);
	}
	for (i = 1; i < 26; i++)
	{
		SetPos(0, i);
		wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);
	}
	for (i = 1; i < 26; i++)
	{
		SetPos(56, i);
		wprintf(L"%lc", WALL);
	}
}

void InitSnake(Snake* ps)//初始化蛇
{
	SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake = NULL;
	for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	{
		cur = (SnakeNode*)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));
		if (cur == NULL)
		{
			perror("InitSnake:malloc fail");
			return;
		}
		cur->next = NULL;
		cur->x = POS_X + i * 2;
		cur->y = POS_Y;
		if (ps->pSnake == NULL)
			ps->pSnake = cur;
		else
		{
			cur->next = ps->pSnake;
			ps->pSnake = cur;
		}
	}

	while (cur)
	{
		SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);
		wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	ps->Food = NULL;
	ps->SleepTime = 200;
	ps->Score = 0;
	ps->FoodScore = 10;
	ps->Status = RUN;
	ps->Dir = RIGHT;
}


void CreateFood(Snake* ps)//生成食物
{
	int x = 0;
	int y = 0;
	SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake;
again:
	do 
	{
		x = rand() % 53 + 2;
		y = rand() % 25 + 1;
	} while (x % 2 == 1);
	
	while (cur)
	{
		if (cur->x == x || cur->y == y)
		{
			goto again;
			break;
		}
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	ps->Food = (SnakeNode*)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));
	if (ps->Food == NULL)
	{
		perror("CreateFood:malloc fail");
		return;
	}

	ps->Food->x = x;
	ps->Food->y = y;
	SetPos(x, y);
	wprintf(L"%lc", FOOD);
}

void GameStart(Snake* ps)
{
	system("mode con cols=100 lines=30");
	system("title 贪吃蛇");

	HANDLE handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
	CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO CursorInfo;
	GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);
	CursorInfo.bVisible = false;
	SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, &CursorInfo);
	
	WelcomeToGame();

	CreateMap();

	InitSnake(ps);

	CreateFood(ps);
}

void PrintHelpInfo()//打印教程
{
	SetPos(60, 16);
	printf("请按空格键开始游戏");
	SetPos(60, 17);
	printf("不能撞到墙上或者撞到自己");
	SetPos(60, 18);
	printf("用 ↑.↓.←.→ 控制蛇的行动");
	SetPos(60, 19);
	printf("F3为加速，F4为减速");
	SetPos(60, 20);
	printf("ESC：退出游戏  space：暂停游戏");
}

void pause()//暂停游戏
{
	while (1)
	{
		Sleep(200);
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE))
		{
			break;
		}
	}
}

void EatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next)//移动后正好吃到食物
{
	next->next = ps->pSnake;
	ps->pSnake = next;
	SetPos(next->x, next->y);
	wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);
	
	ps->Score += ps->FoodScore;
	free(ps->Food);
	ps->Food = NULL;
	CreateFood(ps);
}

void NotEatFood(Snake* ps, SnakeNode* next)//移动后没吃到食物
{
	next->next = ps->pSnake;
	ps->pSnake = next;
	SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake;
	while (cur->next->next)
	{
		SetPos(cur->x, cur->y);
		wprintf(L"%lc", BODY);
		cur = cur->next;
	}

	SetPos(cur->next->x, cur->next->y);
	printf("  ");
	free(cur->next);
	cur->next = NULL;//亲测不置空会出现问题
}

void KillByWall(Snake* ps)//检测是否撞墙
{
	if (ps->pSnake->x == 0 ||
		ps->pSnake->x == 56 ||
		ps->pSnake->y == 0 ||
		ps->pSnake->y == 25)
	{
		ps->Status = KILL_BY_WALL;
	}
}

void KillBySelf(Snake* ps)//检测是否撞到自己
{
	SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake->next;
	while (cur)
	{
		if (ps->pSnake->x == cur->x && ps->pSnake->y == cur->y)
		{
			ps->Status = KILL_BY_SELF;
		}
		cur = cur->next;
	}
}

void SnakeMove(Snake* ps)//蛇身移动
{
	SnakeNode* next = (SnakeNode*)malloc(sizeof(SnakeNode));
	if (next == NULL)
	{
		perror("SnakeMove:malloc fail");
		return;
	}

	switch (ps->Dir)
	{
	case UP:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y - 1;
		break;
	case DOWN:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y + 1;
		break;
	case LEFT:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x - 2;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y;
		break;
	case RIGHT:
		next->x = ps->pSnake->x + 2;
		next->y = ps->pSnake->y;
		break;
	}

	if (next->x == ps->Food->x && next->y == ps->Food->y)
		EatFood(ps, next);
	else
		NotEatFood(ps, next);

	KillByWall(ps);

	KillBySelf(ps);
}

void GameRun(Snake* ps)
{
	PrintHelpInfo();
	do
	{
		//打印信息
		SetPos(60, 10);
		printf("当前得分:%2d", ps->Score);
		SetPos(60, 11);
		printf("当前速度:%3d", (400 - ps->SleepTime) / 40);
		SetPos(60, 12);
		printf("每个食物得分:%2d", ps->FoodScore);

		//判断按键
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_UP) && ps->Dir != DOWN)
		{
			ps->Dir = UP;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_DOWN) && ps->Dir != UP)
		{
			ps->Dir = DOWN;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_LEFT) && ps->Dir != RIGHT)
		{
			ps->Dir = LEFT;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_RIGHT) && ps->Dir != LEFT)
		{
			ps->Dir = RIGHT;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_ESCAPE))
		{
			ps->Status = ESC;
			break;
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_SPACE))
		{
			pause();
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F3))
		{
			if (ps->SleepTime > 40)
			{
				ps->SleepTime -= 40;
				ps->FoodScore += 2;
			}
		}
		if (KEY_PRESS(VK_F4))
		{
			if (ps->FoodScore > 2)
			{
				ps->SleepTime += 40;
				ps->FoodScore -= 2;
			}
		}

		Sleep(ps->SleepTime);
		//蛇身移动
		SnakeMove(ps);

	} while (ps->Status == RUN);
}

void GameEnd(Snake* ps)
{
	SetPos(24, 12);

	switch (ps->Status)
	{
	case KILL_BY_SELF:
		printf("你撞到了自己");
		break;
	case KILL_BY_WALL:
		printf("你撞到墙了");
		break;
	case ESC:
		printf("游戏退出中...");
		break;
	}

	SnakeNode* cur = ps->pSnake;
	while (ps->pSnake)
	{
		ps->pSnake = ps->pSnake->next;
		free(cur);
		cur = ps->pSnake;
	}
}

四、test.c

#include "snake.h"

void Test()
{
	srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));
	char ch = 0;
	do
	{
		Snake snake;
		GameStart(&snake);
		GameRun(&snake);
		GameEnd(&snake);
		if (snake.Status == ESC)
			break;
		SetPos(24, 13);
		printf("再来一局吗?(Y/N):");
		scanf(" %c", &ch);
	} while (ch == 'Y' || ch == 'y');
	SetPos(0, 27);
}

int main()
{
	setlocale(LC_ALL, "chs");
	Test();
	return 0;
}