任何人都没法避免压力(积极压力对我们的好处是可以提高表现)(Gibbons et al., 2008)。
健康心理学更多地关注人格及其对压力-健康过程的影响(Ferguson, 2013)。人格变量与健康和疾病之间存在各种可能的关联模型，它们具有不同程度的“直接性”, 人格可促进疾病的不健康行为而对疾病风险产生间接影响(Bogg & Roberts, 2004)。人格可以通过压力-健康行为关系或感知压力影响幸福感(Besser & Shackelford, 2007);
健康心理学中采用最广泛的模型是一个五因素模型，通常被称为“五大”理论，它使用以下维度来概念化和评估人格(Costa & McCrae, 1992a; 1992b):
● 亲和性，如合作、信任、顺从;
● 责任心，如负责、拼搏;
● 外向性，如积极、自信、活跃、善于交际;
● 神经质，如紧张、焦虑、悲观;
● 开放性，如富有想象力，充满好奇心，乐于接受新体验。
例如，外向类型的人通常会表现出社交、冒险和冲动的特征；健谈、自信、精力充沛和热情的倾向(McCrae & John, 1992)。
有压力的事件或严重的危机中，外向性更高的人，通常有更大的社会网络，在压力事件中经历的压力更少(Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010)。外向性高的个体会通过社交技能和对社会压力的高容忍度，有效地适应社会遭遇(如干扰)(Matthews, 2018)。外向性被定义为一种稳定的人格维度(Jackson & Schneider, 2014)。外向性高的个体通常更喜欢兴奋、刺激和社会互动(Costa & McCrae, 1992b)，感知压力更少(Ebstrup et al., 2011)，更有效的压力应对(Connor-Smith & Flachsbart, 2007)，以及积极的健康结果(Jackson & Schneider, 2014; Wilson et al., 2005)。
根据压力交易理论(Lazarus & Folkman, 1987)，个人特征不一定能在所有环境中以相同的方式预测压力评估，但在不同的情境背景下可能会发挥不同的作用。在寻求理解特定环境下的压力过程时，不仅要考虑宽泛的人格特征，还要考虑构成这些特征的具体方面(Ashton, 1998; Mund & Neyer, 2021)。2019冠状病毒病大流行的的背景下，外向者参与社会活动的程度要比内向者大(Lucas, Le, & Dyrenforth, 2008)，因此更容易受到社交距离需求的影响。更外向的人在大流行期间由于社会接触减少而压力更大，他们的压力反应可能更类似于那些在困难时期倾向于感知更大压力的高度神经质的人(Suls & Martin, 2005)。更外向的人应该认为，与大流行相关的各种公共和社会生活限制，特别是社交距离和隔离措施，比不太外向的人对其需求和个人目标的威胁更大(Folk et al., 2020)。更外向的人对大流行的反应更大，因为他们不能完全依赖自己偏爱的应对策略来应对压力(例如，与他人交往，寻求社会支持)，由于采取了社交距离和隔离措施，使用这些战略的效果可能较差(例如，视频电话而取代面对面会议)(Zacher & Rudolph, 2021)。
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