MySQL系列：系列结构和基础管理

MySQL工作模型及实例

MySQL 客户端/服务器工作模型（C/S）

1.本地socket链接方式

socket=/tmp/mysql.sock

mysql -uroot -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock

说明：只能在本地使用，不依赖于IP和端口

2.远程TCPIP链接方式

mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P 3306

服务端：实例

实例：mysqld+工作线程+预分配的内存结构

功能：管理数据

MySQLd的程序结构

查看连接线程

show processlist;

MySQL的逻辑结构

表+库

查看mysql中所有的数据库

show databases;

切换到某个数据库

use mysql;

查看库中所有的表

show tables;

查看表结构

desc user;

MySQL的物理存储结构

段：一个表就是一个段，可以由1个或者多个区构成

区：一个区（簇）默认1M，由连续的64个page构成

页：一个页，默认16KB，由连续的4个OS block构成

OS 块：一个块，4KB，由连续的8个扇区构成

扇区：一个扇区，512B

MySQL基础管理

用户管理

1.用户的定义 mysql@'白名单'

robin@‘localhost’ : robin用户能够通过本地登录MySQL(socket)

robin@‘192.168.0.130’: robin用户能够通过192.168.0.130远程登录MySQL服务器

robin@‘192.168.0.%’: robin用户能够通过192.168.0.xx/24远程登录MySQL服务器

robin@‘192.168.0.5%’: robin用户能够通过192.168.0.50-59远程登录MySQL服务器

robin@‘192.168.0.130/255.255.254.0’: robin用户能够通过192.168.0.130远程登录MySQL服务器 23位子网掩码

robin@‘%’: robin用户能够通过所有IP远程登录MySQL服务器

robin@‘vmcode’: robin用户能够通过主机名为vmcode远程登录MySQL服务器

robin@‘vmcode.cn’: robin用户能够通过域名为vmcode.cn远程登录MySQL服务器

2.用户管理

查询用户信息

select user,host,authentication_string from mysql.user;

创建用户

create user robin@'localhost';

创建用户并设置密码

create user robin@'192.168.0.%' identified by 'admin123';

mysql所有用户存储位置：cd /data/mysql/3306/data/mysql 中的user.MYD文件

执行命令：strings user.MYD

修改用户密码

alter user robin@'localhost' identified by 'admin123';

删除用户

drop user robin@'localhost';

注意：8.0版本以前，可以通过grant命令建立用户和授权

权限管理

1.查看权限:

show privileges;

+-------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------+
| Privilege               | Context                               | Comment                                               |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------+
| Alter                   | Tables                                | To alter the table                                    |
| Alter routine           | Functions,Procedures                  | To alter or drop stored functions/procedures          |
| Create                  | Databases,Tables,Indexes              | To create new databases and tables                    |
| Create routine          | Databases                             | To use CREATE FUNCTION/PROCEDURE                      |
| Create temporary tables | Databases                             | To use CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE                         |
| Create view             | Tables                                | To create new views                                   |
| Create user             | Server Admin                          | To create new users                                   |
| Delete                  | Tables                                | To delete existing rows                               |
| Drop                    | Databases,Tables                      | To drop databases, tables, and views                  |
| Event                   | Server Admin                          | To create, alter, drop and execute events             |
| Execute                 | Functions,Procedures                  | To execute stored routines                            |
| File                    | File access on server                 | To read and write files on the server                 |
| Grant option            | Databases,Tables,Functions,Procedures | To give to other users those privileges you possess   |
| Index                   | Tables                                | To create or drop indexes                             |
| Insert                  | Tables                                | To insert data into tables                            |
| Lock tables             | Databases                             | To use LOCK TABLES (together with SELECT privilege)   |
| Process                 | Server Admin                          | To view the plain text of currently executing queries |
| Proxy                   | Server Admin                          | To make proxy user possible                           |
| References              | Databases,Tables                      | To have references on tables                          |
| Reload                  | Server Admin                          | To reload or refresh tables, logs and privileges      |
| Replication client      | Server Admin                          | To ask where the slave or master servers are          |
| Replication slave       | Server Admin                          | To read binary log events from the master             |
| Select                  | Tables                                | To retrieve rows from table                           |
| Show databases          | Server Admin                          | To see all databases with SHOW DATABASES              |
| Show view               | Tables                                | To see views with SHOW CREATE VIEW                    |
| Shutdown                | Server Admin                          | To shut down the server                               |
| Super                   | Server Admin                          | To use KILL thread, SET GLOBAL, CHANGE MASTER, etc.   |
| Trigger                 | Tables                                | To use triggers                                       |
| Create tablespace       | Server Admin                          | To create/alter/drop tablespaces                      |
| Update                  | Tables                                | To update existing rows                               |
| Usage                   | Server Admin                          | No privileges - allow connect only                    |
+-------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------+

2.授权、回收权限操作

语法:

8.0-： grant 权限1,权限2,... on 对象 to 用户 identified by '密码';

8.0+：create user 用户 identified by '密码'; grant 权限1,权限2,... on 对象 to 用户;

grant 权限1,权限2,.... on 对象 to 用户 identified by '密码' with grant option;

ALL ： 管理员（不包括grant option权限）

权限1,权限2,… ： 普通用户（业务用户，开发用户）

Grant option ： 给别的用户授权

对象：

*.* :- -----> chmod -R 755 /

robin.* -----> chmod -R 755 /robin

robin.t1 -----> chmod -R 755 /robin/t1

(1).创建并授权管理员用户robin,能够通过192.168.0.%网段登录并管理数据库

grant all on *.* to robin@'192.168.0.%' identified by 'admin123' with grant option;

(2).查看权限

show grants for robin@'192.168.0.%';

(3).查看全部用户权限

select * from mysql.user \G -- \G竖排显示

(4).创建并授权一个test@'192.168.0.%'业务用户，能够对test库下所有对象进行create,select,update,delete,insert操作

grant create,select,update,delete,insert on test.* to test@'192.168.0.%' identified by 'admin123';

(5)查看权限

select * from mysql.db \G

(6).各权限表说明

mysql.db: 基于库结构的权限 test.*

mysql.tables_priv: 基于表结构的权限 test.t1

mysql.columns_priv: 基于列结构的权限 列

mysql.procs_priv: 基于存储过程结构的权限

(7).回收权限

MySQL不同通过重复授权的方式修改权限，只能通过回收权限方式进行修改

revoke create on test.* to test@'192.168.0.%';

扩展：超级管理员密码忘记解决方案

–skip-grant-tables :跳过授权表

–skip-networking :跳过TCP/IP连接

1.关掉数据库

systemctl stop mysqld

2.使用安全模式启动

service mysqld start --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking
#或者
mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking &

3.登录数据库并修改密码

mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'admin123';
ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --skip-grant-tables option so it cannot execute this statement
mysql> flush privileges; #手工加载授权表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'admin123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

4.重启数据库

service mysqld restart

连接管理

1.mysql自带客户端

mysql：

参数列表：

-u 用户名 ， -p 密码 ，-S 本地socket文件位置 ，-h 数据库IP地址，

-P 数据库端口号，-e 免交互执行数据库命令，< 导入sql脚本

Socket:

前提：数据中必须实现授权robin@'lcoalhost’用户 也就是哪个localhost授权了就可以登录

mysql -urobin -padmin123 -S /tmp/mysql.sock
mysql -urobin -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock
mysql -padmin123 -S /tmp/mysql.sock  #root用户
mysql  #默认会去找/tmp/mysql.sock
mysql -uroot -padmin123

TCP/IP:

前提：必须提前创建好可以远程连接的用户（例如：robin@‘192.168.0.%’）

mysql -urobin -p -h 192.168.0.130 -P 3306

MySQL区分连接是远程还是本地连接

show processlist;

MySQL免交互运行命令

mysql -uroot -padmin123 -e "select @@datadir"

MySQL导入SQL脚本

yum install -y lrzsz
rz -e
mysql -uroot -p < /opt/my.sql

初始化配置

1.三种方式：

源码安装------>编译过程中设置初始化参数

配置文件------>数据库启动之前，设定配置文件参数 /etc/my.cnf

启动脚本命令行

2.配置文件读取顺序

/etc/my.cnf ---->/etc/mysql/my.cnf ----> /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf ---->~/.my.cnf

mysqld --help --verbose | grep my.cnf

3.配置

[服务器端] ：影响数据库服务端运行

[mysqld]

[mysql_safe]

[server] ：代表服务端的所有

[客户端]：影响本地客户端连接，不影响远程客户端

[mysql]

[mysqldump]

[client] :代表客户端的所有

启动关闭

启动

systemctl start mysqld ------>mysql.server ------>mysql_safe   ------>mysqld
mysqld_safe和mysqld,可以在启动数据库时，加入自己执行的参数，例如--defaults-file=/usr/lcoal/mysql/etc/my.cnf

关闭

systemctl stop mysqld
service mysqld stop 
/etc/init.d/mysqld stop
mysqladmin -uroot -padmin123 shutdwon
mysql -uroot -padmin123 -e "shutdwon"

多实例

一.同版本多实例

(1).规划

配置文件 3份 ：/data/mysql/330{7…9}/my.cnf

数据目录 3份：/data/mysql/330{7…9}/data

日志目录 3份：/data/mysql/330{7…9}/binlog

Socket 3份： /tmp/mysql330{7…9}.sock

端口 3份：prot=3307,3308,3309

server_id 3份：server_id=7,8,9

(2).配置过程

1.创建需要的目录

mkdir -p /data/mysql/330{7..9}/{data,binlog}

2.创建配置文件

cat>/data/mysql/3307/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data
socket=/tmp/mysql3307.sock
log_error=/data/mysql/3307/mysql.log
port=3307
server_id=7
log_bin=/data/mysql/3307/binlog
EOF

cat>/data/mysql/3308/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3308/data
socket=/tmp/mysql3308.sock
log_error=/data/mysql/3308/mysql.log
port=3308
server_id=8
log_bin=/data/mysql/3308/binlog
EOF

cat>/data/mysql/3309/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql/3309/data
socket=/tmp/mysql3309.sock
log_error=/data/mysql/3309/mysql.log
port=3309
server_id=9
log_bin=/data/mysql/3309/binlog
EOF

3.初始化数据

mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
#World-writable config file '/data/mysql/3307/my.cnf' is ignored.
#mysql担心这种文件被其他用户恶意修改，所以忽略掉这个配置文件
chmod 644 /data/mysql/330{7..9}/my.cnf
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3307/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3308/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql
mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3309/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql

4.准备启动脚本

cat>/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server 7
Documentation=man:mysqld(7)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3307/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF


cat>/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server 8
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3308/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF


cat>/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server 9
Documentation=man:mysqld(9)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3309/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

5.启动多实例

systemctl start mysqld3307
systemctl start mysqld3308
systemctl start mysqld3309

6.启动完成

netstat -tulnp | grep mysqld

二.不同版本多实例

1.下载

mkdir -p /usr/local/src/{mysql56,mysql80}
wget -P /usr/local/src/mysql56 https://repo.huaweicloud.com/mysql/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.51-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
cd /usr/local/src/mysql56
tar -zxvf mysql-5.6.51-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
ln -s /usr/local/src/mysql56/mysql-5.6.51-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/lcoal/mysql56
wget -P /usr/local/src/mysql80 https://repo.huaweicloud.com/mysql/Downloads/MySQL-8.0/mysql-8.0.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar
cd /usr/local/src/mysql80 
tar -xvf mysql-8.0.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar
ln -s /usr/local/src/mysql56/mysql-8.0.23-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
vim /etc/profile
#注释掉mysql
source /etc/profile
# 打开新窗口 因为source没用
mkdir -p /data/mysql/331{7..9}/{data,binlog}
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/

2.准备配置文件

cat>/data/mysql/3317/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql56
datadir=/data/mysql/3317/data
socket=/tmp/mysql3317.sock
log_error=/data/mysql/3317/mysql.log
port=3317
server_id=17
log_bin=/data/mysql/3317/binlog
EOF

cat>/data/mysql/3318/my.cnf<<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir=/usr/local/mysql80
datadir=/data/mysql/3318/data
socket=/tmp/mysql3318.sock
log_error=/data/mysql/3318/mysql.log
port=3318
server_id=18
log_bin=/data/mysql/3318/binlog
EOF

3.初始化数据

#5.6
/usr/local/mysql56/scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3317/data --basedir=/usr/local/mysql56
/usr/local/mysql80/bin/mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3318/data --basedir=/usr/lcoal/mysql80 
#5.6报错
Installing MySQL system tables.../usr/local/mysql56/bin/mysqld: error while loading shared libraries: libaio.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
yum install -y libaio

4.准备启动脚本

cat>/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld3317.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server 17
Documentation=man:mysqld(17)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql56/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3317/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

cat>/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld3318.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server 18
Documentation=man:mysqld(18)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql80/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql/3318/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000
EOF

5**.启动mysql5.7和测试**

vim /etc/profile
#还原mysql配置
source /etc/profile
mv /etc/my.cnf.bak /etc/my.cnf
/etc/init.d/mysqld start 
mysql -S /tmp/mysql3318.sock