表 主键自动设置为 not null 必须

SQL> create table abc  as select *From dba_objects;

Table created

SQL> alter table ABC add constraint asdf primary key (OWNER, OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID);
ORA-01449: column contains NULL values; cannot alter to NOT NULL

SQL> alter table ABC add constraint asdf unique key (OWNER, OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID);
 ORA-00906: missing left parenthesis

SQL> alter table ABC add constraint asdf unique  (OWNER, OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID);

Table altered

SQL> delete from abc where object_id is null;

2 rows deleted


SQL>  alter table ABC add constraint asdf primary key (OWNER, OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID);
ORA-02261: such unique or primary key already exists in the table

SQL> alter table ABC drop constraint asdf;

Table altered


SQL> alter table ABC add constraint asdf primary key (OWNER, OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_ID);

Table altered


SQL> 

自动变成非空!

SQL>  alter table ABC modify OBJECT_ID null;
ORA-01451: column to be modified to NULL cannot be modified to NULL

SQL>  alter table ABC disable constraint asdf ;

Table altered

SQL> alter table ABC modify OBJECT_ID null;
ORA-01451: column to be modified to NULL cannot be modified to NULL

隐藏了非空!但是也不能变成NULL

表 主键自动设置为 not null 必须_第1张图片

SQL> alter table ABC modify OBJECT_ID null;-------隐试非空
ORA-01451: column to be modified to NULL cannot be modified to NULL

SQL>  alter table ABC modify OBJECT_ID not null;

Table altered


SQL>  alter table ABC modify OBJECT_ID null;

Table altered


SQL> 

PK对应的index建不建立都可以,名字可以同也可以不同,根据字段的判定的。如果是PK带出来的index,drop后就会连index一起drop ,否则index不会drop

语法:
CREATE TABLE schema_name.table_name (
    column_1 data_type column_constraint,
    column_2 data_type column_constraint,
    ...
    table_constraint
 );
 
案例1:直接创建表,不设置约束

CREATE TABLE tbl_students (
    stu_num CHAR(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11)
)
 
// 给学生表新增一列
ALTER TABLE tbl_students ADD stu_email VARCHAR2(20);
 
// 新增
ALTER TABLE tbl_students ADD stu_email VARCHAR2(20);
 
// 修改列,仅支持修改类型和约束
ALTER TABLE tbl_students MODIFY stu_email VARCHAR2(50)
 
// 删除列
ALTER TABLE tbl_students DROP COLUMN stu_email
 
// 删除表
DROP TABLE PERSONS;

注:alter不能和本身冲突,比如性别保存男,3个字符,再修改会2个字符就会报错

> ORA-01441: cannot decrease column length because some value is too big

案例2:主键

主键 数据表中的一个或多个字段,用于唯一表示数据表中的一条数据
主键所在字段唯一且不为空,分为单列主键和多列主键

单列主键:

创建成功后,查看设计表时,可以看到键

// 在创建表时创建主键
CREATE TABLE tbl_students (
    stu_num CHAR(10) primary key,
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(2) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11)
)
 
CREATE TABLE tbl_students (
    stu_num CHAR(10),
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(2) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11),
    primary key(stu_num)
)
 
// 为列添加约束 
ALTER TABLE tbl_students ADD CONSTRAINTS pk_student primary key(stu_num)


 注:添加主键的修改不能和本身冲突,当表stu_num未标注为not null时,如果数据没有null,也是可以添加约束的,但是如果数据有null或者重复,则会报错,造成添加失败,强制not null

> ORA-01449: column contains NULL values; cannot alter to NOT NULL

ORA-02437: cannot validate (WATERBOSSFACTORY.PK_STUDENT) - primary key violated(用重复的值)

案例3:联合主键

使用两个或两个以上的字段作为主键

// 创建联合主键
CREATE TABLE tbl_grads(
    course_id char(3),
    course_name VARCHAR2(50) ,
    stu_num CHAR(10),
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10),
    score NUMBER(3),
    primary key (course_id,stu_num)
)
 
// 下面的会报错, ORA-02260: table can have only one primary key
CREATE TABLE tbl_grads(
    course_id char(3) primary key,
    course_name VARCHAR2(50) ,
    stu_num CHAR(10),
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10),
    score NUMBER(3) primary key
)
 
ALTER TABLE tbl_grads ADD CONSTRAINTS pk_grads primary key(course_id,stu_num)
联合主键仅

 注:

(1)只要有一个为空或者联合主键所在的字段都重复,则插入数据或者alter添加主键就会失败

ORA-01449: column contains NULL values; cannot alter to NOT NULL

> ORA-02437: cannot validate (WATERBOSSFACTORY.PK_GRADS) - primary key violated  两字段都重复

案例4:外键约束

  主外键关联,即限定外键字段的值必须来自与其它数据表中的关联字段,一般是主键

// 创建表时指定外键 如果外键关联的表不存在,则会报错 ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
CREATE TABLE tbl_students(
    stu_num CHAR(10) primary key,
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11),
    stu_cid CHAR(3) not NULL,
    CONSTRAINT fk_student_classes foreign key (stu_cid) references tbl_classes(class_id) on DELETE cascade
)
 
// on delete cascade代表删除班级表的主键时,学生表的相关数据也会删除
 
// 添加外键约束
ALTER TABLE tbl_students ADD CONSTRAINTS fk_student_classes foreign key (stu_cid) references tbl_classes(class_id) on DELETE cascade;
 
// 删除外键约束
ALTER TABLE TBL_STUDENTS DROP CONstraints fk_student_classes;

注:

(1)两个表的删除逻辑是必须先删除班级表,然后再删除学生表,因为学生表的外键指向了班级表的主键

(2)设置了on delete cascade后,在删除班级表中的数据时,会同时删除掉班级的学生

案例5:CHECK约束

是检查约束,用于限定每一列能够输入的值,以保证数据的正确性

// 添加check约束
CREATE TABLE tbl_students(
    stu_num CHAR(10) primary key,
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11),
    stu_cid CHAR(3) not NULL,
    CONSTRAINT fk_student_classes foreign key (stu_cid) references tbl_classes(class_id) on DELETE cascade,
    CONSTRAINT ck_student_sex CHECK(stu_sex='男' or stu_sex='女'),
    CONSTRAINT ck_student_age CHECK(stu_age BETWEEN 6 AND 30)
)
 
ALTER TABLE TBL_STUDENTS DROP constraints ck_student_age;
 
ALTER TABLE tbl_students add constraints ck_student_age CHECK(stu_age BETWEEN 6 AND 30);

添加好check约束后如下:

 此时添加数据不满足约束时,会报错

案例6:UNIQUE约束

用于限定字段的唯一性,唯一键添加方式有三种,一种是在字段直接添加unique,一种是使用CONSTRANT指定,这两种的区别是直接添加unique时唯一键的名称是随机的,CONSTRANT是指定的。

// 电话是唯一的,添加唯一约束
CREATE TABLE tbl_students(
    stu_num CHAR(10) primary key,
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11) UNIQUE,
    stu_cid CHAR(3) not NULL ,
    CONSTRAINT fk_student_classes foreign key (stu_cid) references tbl_classes(class_id) on DELETE cascade,
    CONSTRAINT ck_student_sex CHECK(stu_sex='男' or stu_sex='女'),
    CONSTRAINT ck_student_age CHECK(stu_age BETWEEN 6 AND 30)
)
 
 
CREATE TABLE tbl_students(
    stu_num CHAR(10) primary key,
    stu_name VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL,
    stu_sex CHAR(4) NOT NULL,
    stu_age NUMBER(3),
    stu_tel NUMBER(11),
    stu_cid CHAR(3) not NULL ,
    CONSTRAINT fk_student_classes foreign key (stu_cid) references tbl_classes(class_id) on DELETE cascade,
    CONSTRAINT uq_student_tel UNIQUE(stu_tel),
    CONSTRAINT ck_student_sex CHECK(stu_sex='男' or stu_sex='女'),
    CONSTRAINT ck_student_age CHECK(stu_age BETWEEN 6 AND 30)
)
 
 
ALTER TABLE TBL_STUDENTS DROP constraints uq_student_tel;

添加唯一键后可以在唯一键的地方查看

如果添加重复的数据,会报错

 案例7:NOT NULL

 已经一直使用,不再赘述

案例8:使用断言

案例9:触发器 

  

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