python学习 day41之MySQL表相关操作续集

MySQL表相关操作续集

  • 七 数据类型
    • 介绍
      • mysql常用数据类型概览
    • 数值类型
      • 1、整数类型
        • 整数类型:TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT
        • 指令验证
      • 2、浮点型
        • 定点数类型 DEC等同于DECIMAL
        • 浮点类型:FLOAT DOUBLE
      • 3、位类型(了解)
    • 日期类型
      • DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR
      • 指令验证
      • datetime与timestamp的区别
        • 示例
    • 字符串类型
      • char varchar
      • 进阶理解
      • varchar终极易错点
    • 枚举类型与集合类型
      • enum 单选 只能在给定的范围内选一个值,如性别 sex 男male/女female
      • set 多选 在给定的范围内可以选择一个或一个以上的值(爱好1,爱好2,爱好3...)
      • 代码示例
      • 代码验证:
  • 八 完整性约束
    • 一 介绍
    • 二 not null与default
      • 代码验证
    • 三 unique
      • 代码演示
      • not null+unique的化学反应
      • 联合唯一
    • 四 primary key
      • 单列主键
      • 多列主键
    • 五 auto_increment
    • 六 foreign key
      • 一 快速理解foreign key
        • 代码示范
      • 二 如何找出两张表之间的关系
      • 三 建立表之间的关系
        • 一对多或称为多对一
        • 多对多
        • 一对一
        • 课后练习

七 数据类型

介绍

存储引擎决定了表的类型,而表内存放的数据也要有不同的类型,每种数据类型都有自己的宽度,但宽度是可选的

mysql常用数据类型概览

#1. 数字:
    整型:tinyinit  int  bigint
    小数:
        float :在位数比较短的情况下不精准
        double :在位数比较长的情况下不精准
            0.000001230123123123
            存成:0.000001230000

        decimal:(如果用小数,则用推荐使用decimal)
            精准
            内部原理是以字符串形式去存

#2. 字符串:
    char(10):简单粗暴,浪费空间,存取速度快
        root存成root000000
    varchar:精准,节省空间,存取速度慢

    sql优化:创建表时,定长的类型往前放,变长的往后放
                    比如性别           比如地址或描述信息

    >255个字符,超了就把文件路径存放到数据库中。
            比如图片,视频等找一个文件服务器,数据库中只存路径或url。



#3. 时间类型:
    最常用:datetime


#4. 枚举类型与集合类型

数值类型

1、整数类型

整数类型:TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT

作用:存储年龄,等级,id,各种号码等

========================================
        tinyint[(m)] [unsigned] [zerofill]

            小整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围:
            有符号:
                -128127
            无符号:
                0255

            PS: MySQL中无布尔值,使用tinyint(1)构造。



========================================
        int[(m)][unsigned][zerofill]

            整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围:
            有符号:
                    -21474836482147483647
            无符号:
                    04294967295



========================================
        bigint[(m)][unsigned][zerofill]
            大整数,数据类型用于保存一些范围的整数数值范围:
            有符号:
                    -92233720368547758089223372036854775807
            无符号:
                    018446744073709551615
指令验证
=========有符号和无符号tinyint==========
#tinyint默认为有符号
MariaDB [db1]> create table t1(x tinyint); #默认为有符号,即数字前有正负号
MariaDB [db1]> desc t1;
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1 values
    -> (-129),
    -> (-128),
    -> (127),
    -> (128);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
| -128 | #-129存成了-128
| -128 | #有符号,最小值为-128
|  127 | #有符号,最大值127
|  127 | #128存成了127
+------+



#设置无符号tinyint
MariaDB [db1]> create table t2(x tinyint unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t2 values
    -> (-1),
    -> (0),
    -> (255),
    -> (256);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t2;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|    0 | -1存成了0
|    0 | #无符号,最小值为0
|  255 | #无符号,最大值为255
|  255 | #256存成了255
+------+



============有符号和无符号int=============
#int默认为有符号
MariaDB [db1]> create table t3(x int); #默认为有符号整数
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t3 values
    -> (-2147483649),
    -> (-2147483648),
    -> (2147483647),
    -> (2147483648);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t3;
+-------------+
| x           |
+-------------+
| -2147483648 | #-2147483649存成了-2147483648
| -2147483648 | #有符号,最小值为-2147483648
|  2147483647 | #有符号,最大值为2147483647
|  2147483647 | #2147483648存成了2147483647
+-------------+



#设置无符号int
MariaDB [db1]> create table t4(x int unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t4 values
    -> (-1),
    -> (0),
    -> (4294967295),
    -> (4294967296);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t4;
+------------+
| x          |
+------------+
|          0 | #-1存成了0
|          0 | #无符号,最小值为0
| 4294967295 | #无符号,最大值为4294967295
| 4294967295 | #4294967296存成了4294967295
+------------+




==============有符号和无符号bigint=============
MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t5 values  
    -> (-9223372036854775809),
    -> (-9223372036854775808),
    -> (9223372036854775807),
    -> (9223372036854775808);

MariaDB [db1]> select * from t5;
+----------------------+
| x                    |
+----------------------+
| -9223372036854775808 |
| -9223372036854775808 |
|  9223372036854775807 |
|  9223372036854775807 |
+----------------------+



MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint unsigned);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t6 values  
    -> (-1),
    -> (0),
    -> (18446744073709551615),
    -> (18446744073709551616);

MariaDB [db1]> select * from t6;
+----------------------+
| x                    |
+----------------------+
|                    0 |
|                    0 |
| 18446744073709551615 |
| 18446744073709551615 |
+----------------------+




======用zerofill测试整数类型的显示宽度=============
MariaDB [db1]> create table t7(x int(3) zerofill);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t7 values
    -> (1),
    -> (11),
    -> (111),
    -> (1111);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t7;
+------+
| x    |
+------+
|  001 |
|  011 |
|  111 |
| 1111 | #超过宽度限制仍然可以存
+------+

注意:为整数类型指定宽度时,仅仅只是指定查询结果的显示宽度,与存储范围无关,存储范围如下

其实我们完全没必要为整数类型指定显示宽度,使用默认的就可以了

默认的显示宽度,都是在最大值的基础上加1
python学习 day41之MySQL表相关操作续集_第1张图片

换算原理:
int的存储宽度是4个Bytes,即32个bit,即2**32
无符号最大值为:4294967296-1
有符号最大值:2147483648-1
有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10,而针对有符号的最小值则需要11位才能显示完全,所以int类型默认的显示宽度为11是非常合理的
最后:整形类型,其实没有必要指定显示宽度,使用默认的就ok

2、浮点型

定点数类型 DEC等同于DECIMAL
浮点类型:FLOAT DOUBLE

作用:存储薪资、身高、体重、体质参数等

======================================
#FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]

定义:
        单精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

有符号:
           -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38,
           1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38
无符号:
           1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38


精确度: 
           **** 随着小数的增多,精度变得不准确 ****


======================================
#DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]

定义:
           双精度浮点数(非准确小数值),m是数字总个数,d是小数点后个数。m最大值为255,d最大值为30

有符号:
           -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308
           2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308

无符号:
           2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
            
精确度:
           ****随着小数的增多,精度比float要高,但也会变得不准确 ****

======================================
decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill]

定义:
          准确的小数值,m是数字总个数(负号不算),d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65,d最大值为30。


精确度:
           **** 随着小数的增多,精度始终准确 ****
           对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型
           decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。

3、位类型(了解)

BIT(M)可以用来存放多位二进制数,M范围从1~64,如果不写默认为1位。
注意:对于位字段需要使用函数读取
bin()显示为二进制
hex()显示为十六进制

MariaDB [db1]> create table t9(id bit);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t9; #bit默认宽度为1
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type   | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | bit(1) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+

MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t9; #直接查看是无法显示二进制位的
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|     |
+------+
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9; #需要转换才能看到
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1       | 1       |
+---------+---------+

MariaDB [db1]> alter table t9 modify id bit(5);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9;
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1       | 1       |
| 1000    | 8       |
+---------+---------+

日期类型

DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR

作用:存储用户注册时间,文章发布时间,员工入职时间,出生时间,过期时间等

        YEAR
            YYYY(1901/2155)

        DATE
            YYYY-MM-DD(1000-01-01/9999-12-31)

        TIME
            HH:MM:SS('-838:59:59'/'838:59:59')

        DATETIME

            YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS(1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59    Y)

        TIMESTAMP

            YYYYMMDD HHMMSS(1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时)

指令验证

============year===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度,最后都默认是year(4)
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values  
    -> (1900),
    -> (1901),
    -> (2155),
    -> (2156);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10;
+-----------+
| born_year |
+-----------+
|      0000 |
|      1901 |
|      2155 |
|      0000 |
+-----------+


============date,time,datetime===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t11;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d     | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| t     | time     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dt    | datetime | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now());
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+



============timestamp===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values();
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+---------------------+
| time                |
+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 16:29:17 |
| 2017-07-25 16:30:01 |
+---------------------+



============注意啦,注意啦,注意啦===========
1. 单独插入时间时,需要以字符串的形式,按照对应的格式插入
2. 插入年份时,尽量使用4位值
3. 插入两位年份时,<=69,以20开头,比如50,  结果2050      
                >=70,以19开头,比如71,结果1971
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values  
    -> (50),
    -> (71);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+------+
| y    |
+------+
| 2050 |
| 1971 |
+------+



============综合练习===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table student(
    -> id int,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> born_year year,
    -> birth date,
    -> class_time time,
    -> reg_time datetime);

MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values
    -> (1,'alex',"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"),
    -> (2,'egon',"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"),
    -> (3,'wsb',"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13");

MariaDB [db1]> select * from student;
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| id   | name | born_year | birth      | class_time | reg_time            |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
|    1 | alex |      1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11   | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 |
|    2 | egon |      1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12   | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 |
|    3 | wsb  |      1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13   | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+

datetime与timestamp的区别

在实际应用的很多场景中,MySQL的这两种日期类型都能够满足我们的需要,存储精度都为秒,但在某些情况下,会展现出他们各自的优劣。下面就来总结一下两种日期类型的区别。

  • 1.DATETIME的日期范围是1001——9999年,TIMESTAMP的时间范围是1970——2038年。

  • 2.DATETIME存储时间与时区无关,TIMESTAMP存储时间与时区有关,显示的值也依赖于时区。在mysql服务器,操作系统以及客户端连接都有时区的设置。

  • 3.DATETIME使用8字节的存储空间,TIMESTAMP的存储空间为4字节。因此,TIMESTAMP比DATETIME的空间利用率更高。

  • 4.DATETIME的默认值为null;TIMESTAMP的字段默认不为空(not null),默认值为当前时间(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),如果不做特殊处理,并且update语句中没有指定该列的更新值,则默认更新为当前时间。

mysql> create table t1(x datetime not null default now()); # 需要指定传入空值时默认取当前时间
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table t2(x timestamp); # 无需任何设置,在传空值的情况下自动传入当前时间
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into t1 values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t2 values();
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t1;
+---------------------+
| x                   |
+---------------------+
| 2018-07-07 01:26:14 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
+---------------------+
| x                   |
+---------------------+
| 2018-07-07 01:26:17 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

!!!注意:针对datetime或者timestamp如果是用作注册时间,那么指定not null default now()自动填充时间即可,如果是用作更新时间那么需要额外指定on update now(),该配置timestamp自带

示例
mysql> create table t9(name varchar(5),x datetime not null default now());
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table t10(name varchar(5),x datetime not null default now() on update now());
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table t11(name varchar(5),x timestamp);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> desc t9
    -> ;
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default           | Extra |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(5) | YES  |     | NULL              |       |
| x     | datetime   | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t10
    -> ;
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| name  | varchar(5) | YES  |     | NULL              |                             |
| x     | datetime   | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t11;
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type       | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| name  | varchar(5) | YES  |     | NULL              |                             |
| x     | timestamp  | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> mysql> into t9(name) values("egon");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t10(name) values("egon");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t11(name) values("egon");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> 
mysql> select * from t9;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| egon | 2020-09-01 13:54:25 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t10;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| egon | 2020-09-01 13:54:35 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> select * from t11;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| egon | 2020-09-01 13:54:39 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> update t9 set name="EGON" where name="egon";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> update t10 set name="EGON" where name="egon";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> update t11 set name="EGON" where name="egon";
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0


mysql> select * from t9;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| EGON | 2020-09-01 13:54:25 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t10;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| EGON | 2020-09-01 13:56:22 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t11;
+------+---------------------+
| name | x                   |
+------+---------------------+
| EGON | 2020-09-01 13:56:26 |
+------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

字符串类型

char varchar

#官网:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/char.html
#注意:char和varchar括号内的参数指的都是字符的长度

#char类型:定长,简单粗暴,浪费空间,存取速度快
    字符长度范围:0-255(一个中文是一个字符,是utf8编码的3个字节)
    存储:
        存储char类型的值时,会往右填充空格来满足长度
        例如:指定长度为10,存>10个字符则报错,存<10个字符则用空格填充直到凑够10个字符存储

    检索:
        在检索或者说查询时,查出的结果会自动删除尾部的空格,除非我们打开pad_char_to_full_length SQL模式(SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';#varchar类型:变长,精准,节省空间,存取速度慢
    字符长度范围:0-65535(如果大于21845会提示用其他类型 。mysql行最大限制为65535字节,字符编码为utf-8:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/column-count-limit.html)
    存储:
        varchar类型存储数据的真实内容,不会用空格填充,如果'ab  ',尾部的空格也会被存起来
        强调:varchar类型会在真实数据前加1-2Bytes的前缀,该前缀用来表示真实数据的bytes字节数(1-2Bytes最大表示65535个数字,正好符合mysql对row的最大字节限制,即已经足够使用)
        如果真实的数据<255bytes则需要1Bytes的前缀(1Bytes=8bit 2**8最大表示的数字为255)
        如果真实的数据>255bytes则需要2Bytes的前缀(2Bytes=16bit 2**16最大表示的数字为65535)
    
    检索:
        尾部有空格会保存下来,在检索或者说查询时,也会正常显示包含空格在内的内容

进阶理解

1. char填充空格来满足固定长度,但是在查询时却会很不要脸地删除尾部的空格(装作自己好像没有浪费过空间一样),然后修改sql_mode让其现出原形

mysql> create table t1(x char(5),y varchar(5));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)

#char存5个字符,而varchar存4个字符
mysql> insert into t1 values('你瞅啥 ','你瞅啥 ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> SET sql_mode='';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

#在检索时char很不要脸地将自己浪费的2个字符给删掉了,装的好像自己没浪费过空间一样,而varchar很老实,存了多少,就显示多少
mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1; 
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| x         | char_length(x) | y          | char_length(y) |
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 你瞅啥    |              3 | 你瞅啥     |              4 |
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#略施小计,让char现出原形
mysql> SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

#这下子char原形毕露了......
mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1;
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| x           | char_length(x) | y          | char_length(y) |
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 你瞅啥      |              5 | 你瞅啥     |              4 |
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


#char类型:3个中文字符+2个空格=11Bytes
#varchar类型:3个中文字符+1个空格=10Bytes
mysql> select x,length(x),y,length(y) from t1;
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| x           | length(x) | y          | length(y) |
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| 你瞅啥      |        11 | 你瞅啥     |        10 |
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2. 虽然 CHAR 和 VARCHAR 的存储方式不太相同,但是对于两个字符串的比较,都只比 较其值,忽略 CHAR 值存在的右填充,即使将 SQL MODE 设置为 PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL LENGTH 也一样,但这不适用于like

Values in CHAR and VARCHAR columns are sorted and compared according to the character set collation assigned to the column.

All MySQL collations are of type PAD SPACE. This means that all CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT values are compared without regard to any trailing spaces. “Comparison” in this context does not include the LIKE pattern-matching operator, for which trailing spaces are significant. For example:

mysql> CREATE TABLE names (myname CHAR(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO names VALUES ('Monty');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT myname = 'Monty', myname = 'Monty  ' FROM names;
+------------------+--------------------+
| myname = 'Monty' | myname = 'Monty  ' |
+------------------+--------------------+
|                1 |                  1 |
+------------------+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT myname LIKE 'Monty', myname LIKE 'Monty  ' FROM names;
+---------------------+-----------------------+
| myname LIKE 'Monty' | myname LIKE 'Monty  ' |
+---------------------+-----------------------+
|                   1 |                     0 |
+---------------------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3. 总结

#InnoDB存储引擎:建议使用VARCHAR类型
单从数据类型的实现机制去考虑,char数据类型的处理速度更快,有时甚至可以超出varchar处理速度的50%。

但对于InnoDB数据表,内部的行存储格式没有区分固定长度和可变长度列(所有数据行都使用指向数据列值的头指针),因此在本质上,使用固定长度的CHAR列不一定比使用可变长度VARCHAR列性能要好。因而,主要的性能因素是数据行使用的存储总量。由于CHAR平均占用的空间多于VARCHAR,因此使用VARCHAR来最小化需要处理的数据行的存储总量和磁盘I/O是比较好的。

#其他字符串系列(效率:char>varchar>text)
TEXT系列 TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT
BLOB 系列    TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB 
BINARY系列 BINARY VARBINARY

text:text数据类型用于保存变长的大字符串,可以组多到65535 (2**161)个字符。
mediumtext:A TEXT column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (2**241) characters.
longtext:A TEXT column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (2**321) characters.

varchar终极易错点

设置表结构时,varchar(括号内传入的是字符长度),

而varchar的最大长度65535是按Bytes来算的,

也就是说两个Bytes长度的utf8编码(此utf8非彼utf-8)最多设置65535//2的长度,

而四个Bytes长度的utf8md4编码,则最多只能设置65535//4的长度,

超过长度就是报错

枚举类型与集合类型

字段的值只能在给定范围中选择,如单选框,多选框

enum 单选 只能在给定的范围内选一个值,如性别 sex 男male/女female

set 多选 在给定的范围内可以选择一个或一个以上的值(爱好1,爱好2,爱好3…)

代码示例

枚举类型(enum)
            An ENUM column can have a maximum of 65,535 distinct elements. (The practical limit is less than 3000.)
            示例:
                CREATE TABLE shirts (
                    name VARCHAR(40),
                    size ENUM('x-small', 'small', 'medium', 'large', 'x-large')
                );
                INSERT INTO shirts (name, size) VALUES ('dress shirt','large'), ('t-shirt','medium'),('polo shirt','small');


            集合类型(set)
            A SET column can have a maximum of 64 distinct members.
            示例:
                CREATE TABLE myset (col SET('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'));
                INSERT INTO myset (col) VALUES ('a,d'), ('d,a'), ('a,d,a'), ('a,d,d'), ('d,a,d');

代码验证:

MariaDB [db1]> create table consumer( 
    -> name varchar(50),
    -> sex enum('male','female'),
    -> level enum('vip1','vip2','vip3','vip4','vip5'), #在指定范围内,多选一
    -> hobby set('play','music','read','study') #在指定范围内,多选多
    -> );

MariaDB [db1]> insert into consumer values  
    -> ('egon','male','vip5','read,study'),
    -> ('alex','female','vip1','girl');

MariaDB [db1]> select * from consumer;
+------+--------+-------+------------+
| name | sex    | level | hobby      |
+------+--------+-------+------------+
| egon | male   | vip5  | read,study |
| alex | female | vip1  |            |
+------+--------+-------+------------+

八 完整性约束

一 介绍

约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数

作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为:

PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值

UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充

说明:

1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
3. 是否是key
主键 primary key
外键 foreign key
索引 (index,unique...)

二 not null与default

是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空

默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值

create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)

代码验证

==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空


mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value


==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;


==================综合练习====================
mysql> create table student(
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
    -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
    -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
    -> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
| age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female')              | YES  |     | male       |       |
| hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES  |     | play,music |       |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex  | hobby      |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| egon |  18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+

三 unique

代码演示

============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
方法一:
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);


方法二:
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint uk_name unique(name)
);


mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'

not null+unique的化学反应

mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

联合唯一

create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
);

mysql> insert into service values
    -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
    -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
    -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
    -> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'

四 primary key

从约束角度看primary key字段的值不为空且唯一,那我们直接使用not null+unique不就可以了吗,要它干什么?

主键primary key是innodb存储引擎组织数据的依据,innodb称之为索引组织表,一张表中必须有且只有一个主键。
一个表中可以:

单列做主键
多列做主键(复合主键)

单列主键

============单列做主键===============
#方法一:not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

#方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name

mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

多列主键

==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);


mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into service values
    -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
    -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'

五 auto_increment

约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束

#不指定id,则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
    -> ('egon'),
    -> ('alex')
    -> ;

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+


#也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+


#对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+

#应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

了解知识:步长:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset

#在创建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    -> );

mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8


#也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值,注意初始值的设置为表选项,应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
)auto_increment=3;


#设置步长
sqlserver:自增步长
    基于表级别
    create table t1(
        id int。。。
    )engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8

mysql自增的步长:
    show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
    
    #基于会话级别
    set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长

    #基于全局级别的
    set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长(所有会话都生效)


#!!!注意了注意了注意了!!!
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ,这相当于第一步步子就迈大了,扯着了蛋
比如:设置auto_increment_offset=3,auto_increment_increment=2


mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name            | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1     |
| auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
+--------------------------+-------+



create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | sex  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | egon1 | male |
|  8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+

六 foreign key

一 快速理解foreign key

员工信息表有三个字段:工号 姓名 部门

公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费

解决方法:

我们完全可以定义一个部门表

然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key

代码示范
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;

#dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade 
)engine=innodb;


#先往父表department中插入记录
insert into department values
(1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
(2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
(3,'销售部');


#再往子表employee中插入记录
insert into employee values
(1,'egon',1),
(2,'alex1',2),
(3,'alex2',2),
(4,'alex3',2),
(5,'李坦克',3),
(6,'刘飞机',3),
(7,'张火箭',3),
(8,'林子弹',3),
(9,'加特林',3)
;


#删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
mysql> delete from department where id=3;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  2 | alex1 |      2 |
|  3 | alex2 |      2 |
|  4 | alex3 |      2 |
+----+-------+--------+


#更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name  | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
|  1 | egon  |      1 |
|  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
|  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
|  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
+----+-------+--------+

二 如何找出两张表之间的关系

分析步骤:
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id#3、总结:
#多对一:
如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表

#多对多
如果步骤12同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

#一对一:
如果12都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

三 建立表之间的关系

一对多或称为多对一

三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书

关联方式:foreign key

=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;

insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;
多对多

三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
  
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表

=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者,id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
1 egon: 
      1 九阳神功
      2 九阴真经
      3 九阴白骨爪
      4 独孤九剑
      5 降龙十巴掌
      6 葵花宝典


2 alex: 
      1 九阳神功
      6 葵花宝典

3 yuanhao:
      4 独孤九剑
      5 降龙十巴掌
      6 葵花宝典

4 wpq:
      1 九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
一对一

两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户,一个客户有可能变成一个学校,即一对一的关系

关联方式:foreign key+unique

#一定是student来foreign key表customer,这样就保证了:
#1 学生一定是一个客户,
#2 客户不一定是学生,但有可能成为一个学生


create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(10) not null,
phone char(16) not null
);


create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);


#增加客户
insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
('李飞机','31811231',13811341220),
('王大炮','123123123',15213146809),
('守榴弹','283818181',1867141331),
('吴坦克','283818181',1851143312),
('赢火箭','888818181',1861243314),
('战地雷','112312312',18811431230)
;


#增加学生
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
('脱产3班',3),
('周末19期',4),
('周末19期',5)
;
课后练习

python学习 day41之MySQL表相关操作续集_第2张图片

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