1.非谓语动词概念:
1)担任谓语动词的动词:实意动词,系动词,情态动词,助动词;
2)不能充当谓语的动词,是动词的特殊形式。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式(to do),动名词(doing),分词:现在分词(doing),过去分词(done).
3)某些非谓语动词还具有动词的一部分性质。中文里谓语和谓语不作区分;英文中虽然有谓语和非谓语之分,但翻译成中文后都变成了动词。He sat there reading a book.
2.例句1:Even when we turn off the beside lamp and arefast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heatingour water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
Beside lamp,床头灯
Drive 帮或让的意思
air-conditioned,是名词的动词化,翻译时要加 ”运转“
3.例句2:The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hopeto cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day. Of 1800是定语,翻译成“在1800年”,修饰 farmer
1) 先出主语,一个农民,在1800年,使用镰刀,在一天内可望收割五分之一公顷小麦。
2) Could hope to, 有望
3) A fifth of a hectare
在英汉互译的过程中,有阿拉伯数字的一般不变,有英文的数字翻译成中文数字,有中文的数字翻译成英文数字。所以这里要翻译成”五分之一“
其他巧用数字翻译的示例:
(1)等值翻译
a drop in the ocean 沧海一粟
within a stones throw 一箭之遥
kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕
(2)不等值翻译
at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟
on second thoughts 再三考虑
by ones and twos 两两地,零零落落地
Two heads are better than one。三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。
--Can you come down a little?--你能便宜一点卖吗?
--Sorry, its one price for all。--对不起,不二价。
(3)不必译出
One mans meat is another mans poison. 人各有所好。
I love you three score and ten. 我会一辈子爱你的。
Ten to one he has forgotten it. 很可能他已经忘了。
His mark in math is second to none in the class. 他的数学分数在班上是名列前茅的。
She is a second Lei Feng. 她是雷锋式的人物。
I always believe my sixth sense. 我总相信我的直觉。
The parson officially pronounced that they became one. 牧师正式宣告他们成婚。
I used to study in France in the year one. 我早年曾在法国学习。
4. 翻译中将偏正短语翻译为主谓结构,或将主谓结构翻译成偏正短语,这被称为翻译中的 一个原则。
“ Greaming eyes,炯炯有神的眼睛。”
They saw a slender man of more than average heightwith gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
他们看到一个身形消瘦、比普通人略高一点的人,两眼炯炯有神, 面貌很引人注意,称得上清秀。
这里“两眼炯炯有神“,要翻译成主谓结构,如果翻译成偏正结构,句子翻译时就不太通顺了。
Border on the beautiful, 清秀
5.威妥玛式标音法
Chu Teh朱德
Ignoring he chair offered him, Chu teh stoodsquarely before this youthmore than ten years his
juniorandin a level voicetold himwho he was.
先出主语,朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调,说明自己的身份。
Ignore 和offer 不要直译,翻译不好就会太死板,"不顾,提供"
里面的his, he很多,不能一直译成他,最后的who he was, 翻译成”自己的身份“,不要译成’他是谁”
6.不理解的地方:
more than ten years his junior 一开始不明白这个翻译,后来查了一下:
1. This youth is junior to him. 这个年轻人比他小。
2. This youth is ten years junior to him. 这个年轻人比他小十岁。
句2, 在 junior 前加上具体年龄 ten years,表示 “年轻的程度”。这跟在 old 前加年龄一个道理,如:ten years old
以上 junior 是形容词用法。
为了简练,junior可以直接用作名词,把 to him 改为物主代词 his 作 junior 的定语:
3. This youth is his junior. 这个年轻人比他小。
4. This youth is ten years his junior. 这个年轻人比他小十岁。
句4,承袭 junior 的形容词用法,直接在 his junior 前加上具体年龄。
5. He stands before
this youth who is ten years junior to him. =
6. He stands before this youth ten years junior to him.
他站在这个比他小十岁的青年面前。
句6, 省略 who is 后,由定语从句变成形容词短语作定语。
7. He stands before this youth who isten years his junior. =
8. He stands before
this youth ten years his junior.
他站在这个比他小十岁的青年面前。
句8,省略 who is 后,由定语从句变成形容词短语作定语。