Python闭包的高级应用-装饰器的实现

我们先看一个闭包的例子:

from time import ctime



def before_call(f):

    def wrapped(*args, **kargs):

        print 'before calling, now is %s' % ctime()

        return f(*args, **kargs)

    return wrapped



def test(name):

    print 'hello, %s' % (name)



if __name__ == '__main__':

    before_call(test)("lucky")

我们先看运行结果:

~/Documents/py python 2.py 

before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:30:18 2014

hello, lucky

上面的代码使用了闭包,因为子函数wrapped将父函数的内部变量f与之绑定。

这样,wrapped这个闭包函数,实际上先打印时间,然后调用f,所以正如结果打印的一般,before_call起到的是一种装饰的作用

 

这里我扩展它的功能,增加一个调用函数后,打印时间:

from time import ctime



def before_call(f):

    def wrapped(*args, **kargs):

        print 'before calling, now is %s' % ctime()

        return f(*args, **kargs)

    return wrapped



def after_call(f):

    def wrapped(*args, **kargs):

        try:

            return f(*args, **kargs)

        finally:

            print 'after calling, now is %s' % ctime()

    return wrapped



def test(name):

    print 'hello, %s' % (name)



if __name__ == '__main__':

    before_call(test)("lucky")

    after_call(test)("peter")

    before_call(after_call(test))("john")

    after_call(before_call(test))('marry')

运行结果为:

~/Documents/py python 2.py 

before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014

hello, lucky

hello, peter

after calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014

before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014

hello, john

after calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014

before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014

hello, marry

after calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014

运行结果是正确的。注意最后两个,顺序交换了,对结果无影响。

 

下面我们再包装一层:

def after_call():

    def after(f):

        def wrapped(*args, **kargs):

            try:

                return f(*args, **kargs)

            finally:

                print 'after calling, now is %s' % ctime()

        return wrapped

    return after





def before_call():

    def before(f):

        def wrapped(*args, **kargs):

            print 'before calling, now is %s' % ctime()

            return f(*args, **kargs)

        return wrapped

    return before

那么如何使用呢?这里就是python装饰器的语法,

如果我们这样使用:

@before_call()

def test(name):

    print 'hello, %s' % (name)



if __name__ == '__main__':

    test("lucky")

注意test函数前加了装饰的符号。

还可以这样:

@after_call()

def test(name):

    print 'hello, %s' % (name)

甚至可以嵌套多层:

@before_call()

@after_call()

def test(name):

    print 'hello, %s' % (name)

 

这就是python中装饰器的原理,内部采用了闭包。

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