深入ASP.NET MVC之七:ActionResult的执行(View的加载和渲染)

书再接回上文Filter和Action的执行 ,当Action方法被执行,返回了一个ActionResult之后,紧接着就要执行ActionResult了,当然还有Filter需要执行,这些都是发生在ControllerActionInvoker的InvokeActionResultWithFilters方法之中,这里面filter的执行和action方法被执行的时候执行相应的filter是一样的,已在Filter和Action的执行 中分析过了,不再讨论。直接看ActionResult的执行:

        protected virtual void InvokeActionResult(ControllerContext controllerContext, ActionResult actionResult) {

            actionResult.ExecuteResult(controllerContext);

        }

当然这个方法没什么好看的,这是ActionResult的一个抽象方法。先看下ASP.NET MVC 3中继承自ActionResult的类:

System.Web.Mvc.ContentResult
System.Web.Mvc.EmptyResult
System.Web.Mvc.FileResult
System.Web.Mvc.HttpStatusCodeResult
System.Web.Mvc.JavaScriptResult
System.Web.Mvc.JsonResult
System.Web.Mvc.RedirectResult
System.Web.Mvc.RedirectToRouteResult
System.Web.Mvc.ViewResultBase

其中ViewResultBase是最常用的,它还有两个继承者:

System.Web.Mvc.PartialViewResult
System.Web.Mvc.ViewResult

本文先重点看下ViewResult这个最常用的ActionResult。它的ExecuteResult方法如下:

        public override void ExecuteResult(ControllerContext context) {

            if (context == null) {

                throw new ArgumentNullException("context");

            }

            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(ViewName)) {

                ViewName = context.RouteData.GetRequiredString("action");

            }

            ViewEngineResult result = null;

            if (View == null) {

                result = FindView(context);

                View = result.View;

            }



            TextWriter writer = context.HttpContext.Response.Output;

            ViewContext viewContext = new ViewContext(context, View, ViewData, TempData, writer);

            View.Render(viewContext, writer);



            if (result != null) {

                result.ViewEngine.ReleaseView(context, View);

            }

        }

首先如果没有提供View的名字的话就默认是action的名字,然后调用FindView去查找对应的View:

        protected override ViewEngineResult FindView(ControllerContext context) {

            ViewEngineResult result = ViewEngineCollection.FindView(context, ViewName, MasterName);

            if (result.View != null) {

                return result;

            }



            // we need to generate an exception containing all the locations we searched

            StringBuilder locationsText = new StringBuilder();

            foreach (string location in result.SearchedLocations) {

                locationsText.AppendLine();

                locationsText.Append(location);

            }

            throw new InvalidOperationException(String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture,

                MvcResources.Common_ViewNotFound, ViewName, locationsText));

        }

这个方法实际上是调用了ViewEngineCollection中的对象的FindView方法,默认情况下ViewEngineCollection包括了如下对象:

  new WebFormViewEngine(),

  new RazorViewEngine(),

先看下FindView返回的ViewEngineResult,这个类其实很简单,只是把一些对象组合在一起,一个构造函数是:

public ViewEngineResult(IView view, IViewEngine viewEngine) 

表示用某个ViewEngine找到了某个IView,另一个构造函数是:

  public ViewEngineResult(IEnumerable<string> searchedLocations) 

表示没有找到的情况,这个时候就需要返回找过哪些地方,这些信息最终是被用于生成一个异常信息的。ViewEngineResult此处的设计似乎有一点别扭。接下来看RazorViewEngine 的FindView方法,RazorViewEngine是继承自BuildManagerViewEngine的,这个类又是继承自VirtualPathProviderViewEngine,看下VirtualPathProviderViewEngine的实现(有删节):

        public virtual ViewEngineResult FindView(ControllerContext controllerContext, string viewName, string masterName, bool useCache) {

 

            string[] viewLocationsSearched;

            string[] masterLocationsSearched;

            string controllerName = controllerContext.RouteData.GetRequiredString("controller");

            string viewPath = GetPath(controllerContext, ViewLocationFormats, AreaViewLocationFormats, "ViewLocationFormats", viewName, controllerName, _cacheKeyPrefix_View, useCache, out viewLocationsSearched);

            string masterPath = GetPath(controllerContext, MasterLocationFormats, AreaMasterLocationFormats, "MasterLocationFormats", masterName, controllerName, _cacheKeyPrefix_Master, useCache, out masterLocationsSearched);



            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(viewPath) || (String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterPath) && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(masterName))) {

                return new ViewEngineResult(viewLocationsSearched.Union(masterLocationsSearched));

            }

            return new ViewEngineResult(CreateView(controllerContext, viewPath, masterPath), this);

        }

找到View的过程本质上是找到View文件的路径,因此调用了GetPath方法来查找view的位置,看下这边的xxxLocationFormats,这是定义在RazorViewEngine的构造函数中的:

            AreaViewLocationFormats = new[] {

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml"

            };

            AreaMasterLocationFormats = new[] {

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml"

            };

            AreaPartialViewLocationFormats = new[] {

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Areas/{2}/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml"

            };



            ViewLocationFormats = new[] {

                "~/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml",

                "~/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml"

            };

            MasterLocationFormats = new[] {

                "~/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml",

                "~/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml"

            };
            PartialViewLocationFormats = new[] {

                "~/Views/{1}/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Views/{1}/{0}.vbhtml",

                "~/Views/Shared/{0}.cshtml",

                "~/Views/Shared/{0}.vbhtml"

            };



            FileExtensions = new[] {

                "cshtml",

                "vbhtml",

            };

这些字符串定义了一个Mvc项目文件夹的布局,RazorViewEngine将按照上面的路径依次去寻找view文件。看GetPath方法(有删节):

private string GetPath(ControllerContext controllerContext, string[] locations, string[] areaLocations, string locationsPropertyName, string name, string controllerName, string cacheKeyPrefix, bool useCache, out string[] searchedLocations) {

            string areaName = AreaHelpers.GetAreaName(controllerContext.RouteData);

            bool usingAreas = !String.IsNullOrEmpty(areaName);

            List<ViewLocation> viewLocations = GetViewLocations(locations, (usingAreas) ? areaLocations : null);

            bool nameRepresentsPath = IsSpecificPath(name);

            string cacheKey = CreateCacheKey(cacheKeyPrefix, name, (nameRepresentsPath) ? String.Empty : controllerName, areaName);

            if (useCache) {

                return ViewLocationCache.GetViewLocation(controllerContext.HttpContext, cacheKey);

            }

            return (nameRepresentsPath) ?

                GetPathFromSpecificName(controllerContext, name, cacheKey, ref searchedLocations) :

                GetPathFromGeneralName(controllerContext, viewLocations, name, controllerName, areaName, cacheKey, ref searchedLocations);

        }

首先判断当前请求是否位于一个area中,然后获得View的位置:

        private static List<ViewLocation> GetViewLocations(string[] viewLocationFormats, string[] areaViewLocationFormats) {

            List<ViewLocation> allLocations = new List<ViewLocation>();

            if (areaViewLocationFormats != null) {

                foreach (string areaViewLocationFormat in areaViewLocationFormats) {

                    allLocations.Add(new AreaAwareViewLocation(areaViewLocationFormat));

                }

            }

            if (viewLocationFormats != null) {

                foreach (string viewLocationFormat in viewLocationFormats) {

                    allLocations.Add(new ViewLocation(viewLocationFormat));

                }

            }

            return allLocations;

        }

接下来是访问缓存来找物理路径,不分析其缓存的实现,看实际获取路径的方法,首先nameRepresentsPath这个布尔量的含义:

        private static bool IsSpecificPath(string name) {

            char c = name[0];

            return (c == '~' || c == '/');

        }

其实就是看这个location是不是一个绝对路径。用razor engine的默认方式的话,这里传进来的name是view name,应该永远都是false的。另一种情况应该是路由到一个具体的文件的时候会发生(猜测,待确认)。因此,接下来会执行GetPathFromGeneralName:

        private string GetPathFromGeneralName(ControllerContext controllerContext, List<ViewLocation> locations, string name, string controllerName, string areaName, string cacheKey, ref string[] searchedLocations) {

            string result = String.Empty;

            searchedLocations = new string[locations.Count];

            for (int i = 0; i < locations.Count; i++) {

                ViewLocation location = locations[i];

                string virtualPath = location.Format(name, controllerName, areaName);

                if (FileExists(controllerContext, virtualPath)) {

                    searchedLocations = _emptyLocations;

                    result = virtualPath;

                    ViewLocationCache.InsertViewLocation(controllerContext.HttpContext, cacheKey, result);

                    break;

                }

                searchedLocations[i] = virtualPath;

            }

            return result;

        }

这个方法其实比较简单,就是依次调用刚才准备好的ViewLocation,利用Format方法将路径格式转化为真正的路径,例如ViewLocation的Format方法如下:

            public virtual string Format(string viewName, string controllerName, string areaName) {

                return String.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, _virtualPathFormatString, viewName, controllerName);

            }

然后判断虚拟路径上的文件是否存在。这个工作最终是由BuilderManager这个类完成的。BuilderManager是ASP.NET的组成部分,其具体实现就不分析了。如果文件存在则返回。

return new ViewEngineResult(CreateView(controllerContext, viewPath, masterPath), this);

这里的CreateView方法是RazorViewEngine中定义的:

        protected override IView CreateView(ControllerContext controllerContext, string viewPath, string masterPath) {

            var view = new RazorView(controllerContext, viewPath,

                                     layoutPath: masterPath, runViewStartPages: true, viewStartFileExtensions: FileExtensions, viewPageActivator: ViewPageActivator);

            return view;

        }

至此,RazorViewEngine的工作就完成,它找到并返回了一个IView对象:RazorView。

注意到在这个实现中,viewLocation实际上包括了area location和view location。也就是如果一个在area中action方法返回view之后,在查找view文件的过程中,如果在area对应的地方没有找到,那么它还会到普通view的地方去找。例如如下的文件夹结构:

image

在Admin中的HomeController里面直接return View(),但是在这个Area的View里并没有Index.cshtml,因此它最终找到的view是全局的View下面的Index.cshtml。个人觉得这种设计有点不符合直觉,area中的action就应该局限于area中查找view。

接下来就会调用Render方法,对于RazorView来说,这个方法是定义在它的基类BuildManagerCompiledView中的:

        public void Render(ViewContext viewContext, TextWriter writer) {

            if (viewContext == null) {

                throw new ArgumentNullException("viewContext");

            }

            object instance = null;

            Type type = BuildManager.GetCompiledType(ViewPath);

            if (type != null) {

                instance = _viewPageActivator.Create(_controllerContext, type);

            }

            if (instance == null) {

                throw new InvalidOperationException(

                    String.Format(

                        CultureInfo.CurrentCulture,

                        MvcResources.CshtmlView_ViewCouldNotBeCreated,

                        ViewPath

                    )

                );

            }

            RenderView(viewContext, writer, instance);

        }

首先获得View的type,这里也是通过BuildManger来完成的,每个cshtml都会被asp.net编译成一个类。这些自动生成的类文件通常在 C:\Users\[User Name]\AppData\Local\Temp\Temporary ASP.NET Files 目录下面,这些文件都放在哈希过的目录之中,比较难找。根据这篇文档,临时文件存放在哪里是可以通过web.config配置的:

<compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.5"  tempDirectory="F:/Project/tempASP"/>

找到对应的cs文件之后,可以看到生成的类是类似:

     public class _Page_Views_home_Index_cshtml : System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage<dynamic> 

这样的。如果是强类型的View,就应该是WebViewPage<T>了。找到类型后,会调用一个activator的Create方法来创建实例,这里采用了依赖注入的手法,但是在默认情况下,也只是调用反射来创建一个实例而已,在Mvc框架中,这种地方已经出现多次了。创建好了WebViewPage之后,就调用RenderView方法,这个方法是在RazorView中实现的:

 protected override void RenderView(ViewContext viewContext, TextWriter writer, object instance) {

            // An overriden master layout might have been specified when the ViewActionResult got returned.

            // We need to hold on to it so that we can set it on the inner page once it has executed.

            webViewPage.OverridenLayoutPath = LayoutPath;

            webViewPage.VirtualPath = ViewPath;

            webViewPage.ViewContext = viewContext;

            webViewPage.ViewData = viewContext.ViewData;



            webViewPage.InitHelpers();

            WebPageRenderingBase startPage = null;

            if (RunViewStartPages) {

                startPage = StartPageLookup(webViewPage, RazorViewEngine.ViewStartFileName, ViewStartFileExtensions);

            }

            webViewPage.ExecutePageHierarchy(new WebPageContext(context: viewContext.HttpContext, page: null, model: null), writer, startPage);

        }

渲染View仍然是一个非常复杂的过程。MVC3之中引入了viewStart页面的概念,这是一个在所有view被render之前都会被执行的页面,所以首先执行了一个StartPageLookup方法来查找viewStart页面。先看后两个参数,

internal static readonly string ViewStartFileName = "_ViewStart";

在这里定义了viewStart页面是以_ViewStart为文件名的文件。这个方法实际上是定义在StartPage类中的(有删节):

        public static WebPageRenderingBase GetStartPage(WebPageRenderingBase page, string fileName, IEnumerable<string> supportedExtensions) {

 

            // Build up a list of pages to execute, such as one of the following:

            // ~/somepage.cshtml

            // ~/_pageStart.cshtml --> ~/somepage.cshtml

            // ~/_pageStart.cshtml --> ~/sub/_pageStart.cshtml --> ~/sub/somepage.cshtml

            WebPageRenderingBase currentPage = page;

            var pageDirectory = VirtualPathUtility.GetDirectory(page.VirtualPath);



            // Start with the requested page's directory, find the init page,

            // and then traverse up the hierarchy to find init pages all the

            // way up to the root of the app.

            while (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(pageDirectory) && pageDirectory != "/" && Util.IsWithinAppRoot(pageDirectory)) {

                // Go through the list of support extensions

                foreach (var extension in supportedExtensions) {

                    var path = VirtualPathUtility.Combine(pageDirectory, fileName + "." + extension);

                    if (currentPage.FileExists(path, useCache: true)) {

                        var factory = currentPage.GetObjectFactory(path);

                        var parentStartPage = (StartPage)factory();

                        parentStartPage.VirtualPath = path;

                        parentStartPage.ChildPage = currentPage;

                        currentPage = parentStartPage;

                        break;

                    }

                }

                pageDirectory = currentPage.GetDirectory(pageDirectory);

            }

            // At this point 'currentPage' is the root-most StartPage (if there were

            // any StartPages at all) or it is the requested page itself.

            return currentPage;

        }

结合注释,应该可以看明白这代码的查找规则,首先从当前View所在的目录开始,依次往上层搜索_ViewStart.cshtml(vbhtml)的文件,如果找到了就获得其类型,并且设置上一个找到的ViewStart页面为其ChildPage(最初的ViewStart页面的ChildPage就是当前View)。

找到了ViewStart之后,接下来就执行ExecutePageHierachy这个方法来渲染View,这个方法里面要完成相当多的工作,主要是ViewStart的执行,和Layout的执行。这里的困难之处在于对于有Layout的页面来说,Layout的内容是先输出的,然后是RenderBody内的内容,最后还是Layout的内容。如果仅仅是这样的话,只要初始化一个TextWriter,按部就班的往里面写东西就可以了,但是实际上,Layout并不能首先执行,而应该是View的代码先执行,这样的话View就有可能进行必要的初始化,供Layout使用。例如我们有如下的一个View:

@{

    ViewBag.Title = "Code in View";

    Layout = "_LayoutPage1.cshtml";

}

再看如下的Layout:

@{ 

    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";

    ViewBag.ToView = "Data from Layout";

}

<div>

    Data In View: @ViewBag.Title

</div>

<div>

    @RenderBody();    

</div>

这样可以在页面显示Code in View字样。 但是反过来,如果试图在View中显示在Layout里面的"Data from Layout" 则是行不通的,什么也不会被显示。所以RenderBody是先于Layout中其他代码执行的,这种Layout的结构称为 Page Hierachy。在这样的代码执行顺序下,还要实现文本输出的顺序,因此asp.net mvc这里的实现中就使用了栈,这个栈是OutputStack,里面压入了TextWriter。注意到这只是一个页面的处理过程,一个页面之中还会有Partial View 和 Action等,这些的处理方式都是一样的,因此还需要一个栈来记录处理到了哪个(子)页面,因此还有一个栈,称之为TemplateStack,里面压入的是PageContext,PageContext维护了view的必要信息,比如Model之类的,当然也包括上面提到的OutputStack。有了上面的基本信息,下面看代码,先看入口点:

        // This method is only used by WebPageBase to allow passing in the view context and writer.

        public void ExecutePageHierarchy(WebPageContext pageContext, TextWriter writer, WebPageRenderingBase startPage) {

            PushContext(pageContext, writer);

            if (startPage != null) {

                if (startPage != this) {

                    var startPageContext = Util.CreateNestedPageContext<object>(parentContext: pageContext, pageData: null, model: null, isLayoutPage: false);

                    startPageContext.Page = startPage;

                    startPage.PageContext = startPageContext;

                }

                startPage.ExecutePageHierarchy();

            }

            else {

                ExecutePageHierarchy();

            }

            PopContext();

        }

首先就是pageContext入栈:

        public void PushContext(WebPageContext pageContext, TextWriter writer) {

            _currentWriter = writer;

            PageContext = pageContext;

            pageContext.Page = this;



            InitializePage();



            // Create a temporary writer

            _tempWriter = new StringWriter(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);



            // Render the page into it

            OutputStack.Push(_tempWriter);

            SectionWritersStack.Push(new Dictionary<string, SectionWriter>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase));



            // If the body is defined in the ViewData, remove it and store it on the instance

            // so that it won't affect rendering of partial pages when they call VerifyRenderedBodyOrSections

            if (PageContext.BodyAction != null) {

                _body = PageContext.BodyAction;

                PageContext.BodyAction = null;

            }

        }
然后区分了是否有ViewStart文件,如果有,就执行startPage.ExecutePageHierachy(),先看这个方法,
        public override void ExecutePageHierarchy() {

            // Push the current pagestart on the stack. 

            TemplateStack.Push(Context, this);

            try {

                // Execute the developer-written code of the InitPage

                Execute();

                // If the child page wasn't explicitly run by the developer of the InitPage, then run it now.

                // The child page is either the next InitPage, or the final WebPage.

                if (!RunPageCalled) {

                    RunPage();

                }

            }

            finally {

                TemplateStack.Pop(Context);

            }

        }

这个方法比较简单,而且这部分的代码注释都比较多,还是比较好理解的。第一步就是把当前的httpcontext压栈,然后执行_ViewStart中的代码,所以在所有的view的组成部分中,_ViewStart代码是最先执行的,然后执行RunPage:

        public void RunPage() {

            RunPageCalled = true;

            ChildPage.ExecutePageHierarchy();

        }

这就让它的“子页面”开始执行。如果页面没启用ViewStart,那么在ExecutePageHierarchy(WebPageContext pageContext, TextWriter writer, WebPageRenderingBase startPage)中,直接就是执行的ExecutePageHierachy方法,下面来看这个方法:

        public override void ExecutePageHierarchy() {

            // Change the Writer so that things like Html.BeginForm work correctly

            ViewContext.Writer = Output;

            base.ExecutePageHierarchy();

            // Overwrite LayoutPage so that returning a view with a custom master page works.

            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(OverridenLayoutPath)) {

                Layout = OverridenLayoutPath;

            }

        }

再看base.ExecutePageHierachy,这是一个定义在WebPageBase类中的方法(有删节):

        public override void ExecutePageHierarchy() {

            // Unlike InitPages, for a WebPage there is no hierarchy - it is always

            // the last file to execute in the chain. There can still be layout pages

            // and partial pages, but they are never part of the hierarchy.



            TemplateStack.Push(Context, this);

            try {

                // Execute the developer-written code of the WebPage

                Execute();

            }

            finally {

                TemplateStack.Pop(Context);

            }

        }

这个方法就是将context压栈,然后执行相应的view的代码,然后出栈。有了这些出入栈的操作,可以保证View的代码,也就是Execute的时候的writer是正确的。Execute中的方法除去PartialView, Action之类的,最终调用的是WebPageBase中的

        public override void WriteLiteral(object value) {

            Output.Write(value);

        }

这里的Output是:

        public TextWriter Output {

            get {

                return OutputStack.Peek();

            }

        }

页面渲染的过程包括了两层的间接递归,还是比较复杂的,需要仔细体会。

至此,本系列已经分析完成了整个ASP.NET页面的生命周期。接下来还将看几个重要的部分,model验证,model template,和一些重要的html helper方法,最后还有asp.net mvc的扩展性。

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