innodb索引统计信息
以下分析基于mysql5.6.10
统计信息相关字典表
information_schema.statistics
mysql.innodb_table_stats
mysql.innodb_index_stats
先初始化数据，我们看看这些表里存了些什么
drop table t1;
create table t1(c1 int,c2 int,c3 int,c4 int,
primary key(c1),
unique key idx1(c2),
key idx2(c3,c4));
insert into t1 values(1,1,1,1);
insert into t1 values(2,2,1,2);
insert into t1 values(3,3,1,3);
insert into t1 values(4,4,1,4);
insert into t1 values(5,5,2,1);
insert into t1 values(6,6,2,1);
mysql> analyze table t1; +---------+---------+----------+----------+ | Table | Op | Msg_type | Msg_text | +---------+---------+----------+----------+ | test.t1 | analyze | status | OK | +---------+---------+----------+----------+ 1 row in set (0.46 sec) mysql> show index from t1; +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ | t1 | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | c1 | A | 6 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | | t1 | 0 | idx1 | 1 | c2 | A | 6 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | | | t1 | 1 | idx2 | 1 | c3 | A | 6 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | | | t1 | 1 | idx2 | 2 | c4 | A | 6 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | | +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from mysql.innodb_table_stats where table_name='t1'; +---------------+------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | database_name | table_name | last_update | n_rows | clustered_index_size | sum_of_other_index_sizes | +---------------+------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+ | test | t1 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | 6 | 1 | 2 | +---------------+------------+---------------------+--------+----------------------+--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from mysql.innodb_index_stats where table_name='t1'; +---------------+------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-----------------------------------+ | database_name | table_name | index_name | last_update | stat_name | stat_value | sample_size | stat_description | +---------------+------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-----------------------------------+ | test | t1 | PRIMARY | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_diff_pfx01 | 6 | 1 | c1 | | test | t1 | PRIMARY | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_leaf_pages | 1 | NULL | Number of leaf pages in the index | | test | t1 | PRIMARY | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | size | 1 | NULL | Number of pages in the index | | test | t1 | idx1 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_diff_pfx01 | 6 | 1 | c2 | | test | t1 | idx1 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_leaf_pages | 1 | NULL | Number of leaf pages in the index | | test | t1 | idx1 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | size | 1 | NULL | Number of pages in the index | | test | t1 | idx2 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_diff_pfx01 | 2 | 1 | c3 | | test | t1 | idx2 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_diff_pfx02 | 5 | 1 | c3,c4 | | test | t1 | idx2 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_diff_pfx03 | 6 | 1 | c3,c4,c1 | | test | t1 | idx2 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | n_leaf_pages | 1 | NULL | Number of leaf pages in the index | | test | t1 | idx2 | 2013-08-22 21:23:07 | size | 1 | NULL | Number of pages in the index | +---------------+------------+------------+---------------------+--------------+------------+-------------+-----------------------------------+ 11 rows in set (1.51 sec)
其中 show index from t1; 实际上访问的是information_schema.statistics表。
等价于select * from information_schema.statistics where table_name='t1';
统计信息项
我们来试图将统计字典表中的字段和源码中的统计项联系起来，以下是源码中的统计信息项
unsigned n_uniq:10;/*!< number of fields from the beginning
which are enough to determine an index
entry uniquely */
ib_uint64_t* stat_n_diff_key_vals;
/*!< approximate number of different
key values for this index, for each
n-column prefix where 1 <= n <=
dict_get_n_unique(index) (the array is
indexed from 0 to n_uniq-1); we
periodically calculate new
estimates */
ib_uint64_t* stat_n_sample_sizes;
/*!< number of pages that were sampled
to calculate each of stat_n_diff_key_vals[],
e.g. stat_n_sample_sizes[3] pages were sampled
to get the number stat_n_diff_key_vals[3]. */
ib_uint64_t* stat_n_non_null_key_vals;
/* approximate number of non-null key values
for this index, for each column where
1 <= n <= dict_get_n_unique(index) (the array
is indexed from 0 to n_uniq-1); This
is used when innodb_stats_method is
"nulls_ignored". */
ulint stat_index_size;
/*!< approximate index size in
database pages */
ulint stat_n_leaf_pages;
/*!< approximate number of leaf pages in the
index tree */
根据注释，很容易看出联系，其中
对于 idx1(c1)
n_uniq=1 即c1
stat_n_diff_key_vals[0]=6
对于 idx2(c2,c3)
n_uniq=3 即(c2,c3,c1)
stat_n_diff_key_vals[0]=2 //idx2前缀c2不同的个数
stat_n_diff_key_vals[1]=5 //idx2前缀c2,c3不同的个数
stat_n_diff_key_vals[2]=6 //idx2前缀c2,c3,c1不同的个数
inndb统计信息相关参数
系统参数
innodb_stats_auto_recalc innodb_stats_method innodb_stats_on_metadata innodb_stats_persistent innodb_stats_persistent_sample_pages innodb_stats_sample_pages innodb_stats_transient_sample_pages
参考：http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/innodb-parameters.html
表参数，建表是指定
| STATS_AUTO_RECALC [=] {DEFAULT|0|1}
| STATS_PERSISTENT [=] {DEFAULT|0|1}
参考：http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17952_01/refman-5.6-en/create-table.html
这里看到统计信息有两种类别persistent和transient，这里先大致介绍下区别，具体实现下见下章节
1 persistent 会将统计信息持久化到mysql.innodb_table_stats ，mysql.innodb_index_stats表中
2 persistent和transient统计算法不同，persistent比transient统计相对精确，当然也更耗时
一些说明：
Innodb有一个后台线程dict_stats_thread，专门用于更新persistent类型的统计信息
innodb_stats_auto_recalc 开启与否只会影响persistent类型的统计。
更新统计信息源码实现
1 transient
相关函数dict_stats_update_transient
获取stat_n_leaf_pages，stat_index_size比较简单，只需从B树的leaf segment和 no-leaf segment的描述项中获取，只需一次io。时B数某一时时刻快照的信息，这两个值是准确的。
参见
btr_get_size
fseg_n_reserved_pages
stat_n_diff_key_vals的获取是通过采样统计出来的，是一个统计值。
参见 btr_estimate_number_of_different_key_vals
/* We sample some pages in the index to get an estimate */
for (i = 0; i < n_sample_pages; i++) {
mtr_start(&mtr);
btr_cur_open_at_rnd_pos(index, BTR_SEARCH_LEAF, &cursor, &mtr);
page = btr_cur_get_page(&cursor);
rec = page_rec_get_next(page_get_infimum_rec(page));
if (!page_rec_is_supremum(rec)) {
not_empty_flag = 1;
offsets_rec = rec_get_offsets(rec, index, offsets_rec,ULINT_UNDEFINED, &heap);
if (n_not_null != NULL) {
btr_record_not_null_field_in_rec(
n_cols, offsets_rec, n_not_null);
}
}
while (!page_rec_is_supremum(rec)) {
rec_t* next_rec = page_rec_get_next(rec);
if (page_rec_is_supremum(next_rec)) {
total_external_size +=
btr_rec_get_externally_stored_len(
rec, offsets_rec);
break;
}
matched_fields = 0;
matched_bytes = 0;
offsets_next_rec = rec_get_offsets(next_rec, index, offsets_next_rec,ULINT_UNDEFINED,&heap);
cmp_rec_rec_with_match(rec, next_rec,
offsets_rec, offsets_next_rec,
index, stats_null_not_equal,
&matched_fields,
&matched_bytes);
for (j = matched_fields; j < n_cols; j++) {
/* We add one if this index record has
a different prefix from the previous */
n_diff[j]++;
}
if (n_not_null != NULL) {
btr_record_not_null_field_in_rec(
n_cols, offsets_next_rec, n_not_null);
}
total_external_size
+= btr_rec_get_externally_stored_len(
rec, offsets_rec);
rec = next_rec;
{
ulint* offsets_tmp = offsets_rec;
offsets_rec = offsets_next_rec;
offsets_next_rec = offsets_tmp;
}
}
if (n_cols == dict_index_get_n_unique_in_tree(index)) {
if (btr_page_get_prev(page, &mtr) != FIL_NULL
|| btr_page_get_next(page, &mtr) != FIL_NULL) {
n_diff[n_cols - 1]++;
}
}
mtr_commit(&mtr);
}
btr_cur_open_at_rnd_pos
从根节点页开始，随机取一个记录，再从此记录找到其指向的下层页，从下层也随机取一个记录，这样依次向下层取记录，直到叶子节点页。
每次采样一页读取的页数为B树的深度。
n_diff
通过cmp_rec_rec_with_match比较页内前后记录后，后面不匹配的列都认为diff，记入n_diff
total_external_size
见后面章节
2 persistent类型
相关函数dict_stats_update_persistent
Persistent和transient统计不同的地方在于stat_n_diff_key_vals的计算
dict_stats_analyze_index关键代码如下
for (n_prefix = n_uniq; n_prefix >= 1; n_prefix--) {
/* Commit the mtr to release the tree S lock to allow
other threads to do some work too. */
mtr_commit(&mtr);
mtr_start(&mtr);
mtr_s_lock(dict_index_get_lock(index), &mtr);
if (root_level != btr_height_get(index, &mtr)) {
break;
}
if (level_is_analyzed
&& (n_diff_on_level[n_prefix - 1] >= N_DIFF_REQUIRED(index)
|| level == 1)) {
goto found_level;
}
/* search for a level that contains enough distinct records */
if (level_is_analyzed && level > 1) {
/* if this does not hold we should be on
"found_level" instead of here */
ut_ad(n_diff_on_level[n_prefix - 1]
< N_DIFF_REQUIRED(index));
level--;
level_is_analyzed = false;
}
/* descend into the tree, searching for "good enough" level */
for (;;) {
/* make sure we do not scan the leaf level
accidentally, it may contain too many pages */
ut_ad(level > 0);
/* scanning the same level twice is an optimization bug */
ut_ad(!level_is_analyzed);
/* Do not scan if this would read too many pages.
Here we use the following fact:
the number of pages on level L equals the number
of records on level L+1, thus we deduce that the
following call would scan total_recs pages, because
total_recs is left from the previous iteration when
we scanned one level upper or we have not scanned any
levels yet in which case total_recs is 1. */
if (total_recs > N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index)) {
/* if the above cond is true then we are
not at the root level since on the root
level total_recs == 1 (set before we
enter the n-prefix loop) and cannot
be > N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index) */
ut_a(level != root_level);
/* step one level back and be satisfied with
whatever it contains */
level++;
level_is_analyzed = true;
break;
}
dict_stats_analyze_index_level(index,level,n_diff_on_level,&total_recs,&total_pages,n_diff_boundaries,&mtr);
level_is_analyzed = true;
if (n_diff_on_level[n_prefix - 1]
>= N_DIFF_REQUIRED(index)
|| level == 1) {
/* we found a good level with many distinct
records or we have reached the last level we
could scan */
break;
}
level--;
level_is_analyzed = false;
}
found_level:
dict_stats_analyze_index_for_n_prefix(
index, level, total_recs, n_prefix,
n_diff_on_level[n_prefix - 1],
&n_diff_boundaries[n_prefix - 1], &mtr);
}
上面的逻辑分两个阶段
1 从根节点开始向下查找到合适的B树的某层L，条件为
if (total_recs > N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index))
L不可以是叶子层
2 从层L开始，将n_diff_boundaries分为N段，N为采样数。分别从N个段中，随机取N个记录，这N个记录依次向下层查找到合适的采样页。这个采样页不一定时叶子页。
分解一下：
1 dict_stats_analyze_index_level函数获取以下值
n_diff：本层不同值个数
total_recs：本层总记录数
total_pages：本层总页数
n_diff_boundaries：出现不同值的边界位置数组，数组长度为n_diff，0<= n_diff_boundaries<total_recs-1
2 为何是递减循环
for (n_prefix = n_uniq; n_prefix >= 1; n_prefix--)
为了dict_stats_analyze_index_level不从头根层开始向下分析，而是从当前层开始
3 分段采样
dict_stats_analyze_index_for_n_prefix
分段数
n_recs_to_dive_below = ut_min(N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index),
n_diff_for_this_prefix);
取分段中随机记录
left = n_diff_for_this_prefix * i / n_recs_to_dive_below;
right = n_diff_for_this_prefix * (i + 1)
/ n_recs_to_dive_below - 1;
rnd = ut_rnd_interval(0, (ulint) (right - left));
从随机记录开始向下取样，统计样页的n_diff,样页不一定是叶子页
dict_stats_analyze_index_below_cur
4 样页不一定是叶子页
当当前层的页的记录的n_pre都一致时，下层页也应一致。因此不需再向下层取样。
何时更新统计信息
1 create table/truncate table 会初始化统计信息
2 open table
如果设置innodb_stats_persistent，先从统计字典表中读取，如果读取不到则通过persistent方式更新统计信息
否则通过transient方式更新统计信息
3 analyze table
如果设置innodb_stats_persistent，则通过persistent方式更新统计信息，否则通过transient方式更新统计信息
4 数据发生变化
表距离上一次更新统计信息，发生变化的行数超过当前行数1/16时，通过transient方式更新统计信息
表距离上一次更新统计信息，发生变化的行数超过当前行数%10， 且设置了innodb_stats_auto_recalc和innodb_stats_persistent，通过persistent方式更新统计信息
何时使用统计信息
MRR http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/mrr-optimization.html
ROR(RowidOrderedRetrieva)
GROUP
优化是会用到，相关函数如下，这块后续深入下
multi_range_read_info_const
ror_scan_selectivity
cost_group_min_max
需优化的地方
1 stat_n_leaf_pages，stat_index_size的统计
Btr_get_size取到的是ret，而不是used.
它们的区别是ret:segment中的所有页，包括一些free页
User: segment中已使用的页
ret >used
Free页即不用于B树页，也不用于externer页，因此stat_index_size不应包括free页。这应该算是个bug吧。应用used统计。
*used = mtr_read_ulint(inode + FSEG_NOT_FULL_N_USED, MLOG_4BYTES, mtr)
+ FSP_EXTENT_SIZE * flst_get_len(inode + FSEG_FULL, mtr)
+ fseg_get_n_frag_pages(inode, mtr);
ret = fseg_get_n_frag_pages(inode, mtr)
+ FSP_EXTENT_SIZE * flst_get_len(inode + FSEG_FREE, mtr)
+ FSP_EXTENT_SIZE * flst_get_len(inode + FSEG_NOT_FULL, mtr)
+ FSP_EXTENT_SIZE * flst_get_len(inode + FSEG_FULL, mtr);
2 关于external page
读了这段代码发现，发现external page 属于leaf segment;
total_external_size
+= btr_rec_get_externally_stored_len(
rec, offsets_rec);
external page 和叶子页公用一个segment, external page和叶子页在同一个extent内混合出现，让叶子页在物理上更离散。
1 会影响只查非大字段查询
2 在某些情况下MRR显得很无力
3 统计信息计算external page导致统计偏差
解决方法：external page可以用单独的segment管理
3 关于persistent采样
transient 采样比较简单，但过于随机，极端情况下会出现采集到同一页的情况。
Persistent 方式做到了尽量采集不同的值，并且不会出现采集到同一页的情况。Persistent 方式会读取b树前N(N>0,即不会统计叶子层) 层所有页和记录。
假设100条记录的分布如下
91个0 加上 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
假设采样10页
按Persistent逻辑采样记录为 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n_diff=9
按transient逻辑采样很大可能结果为 9个0 加 1 n_diff=2
显然 Persistent会统计比transient统计要精确。
n_recs_to_dive_below = ut_min(N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index),
n_diff_for_this_prefix);
对于n_diff_for_this_prefix< N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index),这时候的采样数为n_diff_for_this_prefix，采样数过少，会导致偏差。
此时应仍然采集N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index)个页，换以下统计方式
1 可以统计n_diff_boundaries之间的区间大小，因为n_diff_for_this_prefix较小，所以这个统计成本较小
2 按区间比例来分配，区间越小，采样的页数相对应更多
3 总共采集N_SAMPLE_PAGES(index)个页
4 以上纯属YY