第五课 数据备份恢复实验

一 模拟Control File 丢失故障处理(JCH1实例)

数据库中必要文件：数据文件、控制文件、redo、??文件？、参数文件某些情况可以不用

删除控制文件

启动报错！

shutdown immediate 停掉数据库

使用完好的控制文件恢复丢失的控制文件

cp control02.ctl ../disk1/control01.ctl

重启数据库

startup

二 创建CATALOG库保存RMAN备份信息

1.catalog库统一管理RMAN备份信息即元数据信息，如果没有catalog库，就把RMAN备份信息写入控制文件

2.目标数据库必须注册到catalog库中才能使用

官方文档：Backup and Recovery Reference -> CREATE CATALOG和REGISTER

Backup and Recovery Advanced User’s Guide -> 10 Managing the Recovery Catalog -> Creating a Recovery Catalog

注：JCH1是目标数据库

    JCH2是CATALOG数据库

1.创建表空间 这个表空间存放catalog库内容

sqlplus sys/oracle@LEO2 as sysdba

create tablespace catalog_tbs datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/JCH2/catalog_tbs01.dbf' size 100m autoextend on;

查看是否创建成功：

2.创建catalog库管理用户catalog_admin默认表空间catalog_tbs

create user catalog_admin identified by catalog_admin default tablespace catalog_tbs;

SYS@JCH2> create user catalog_admin identified by catalog_admin default tablespace catalog_tbs;

User created.

3.将recovery_catalog角色授予给catalog_admin用户才能备份和恢复

注：有的同学会问，我直接授予DBA角色不就可以了吗。其实DBA角色不是万能的，它不包括上述角色因此我们需要单独设置

select * from dba_roles where role like '%RECOVER%'; 有没有这个角色

select * from role_sys_privs where role='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER'; 这个角色包含哪些权限

SYS@JCH2> select * from dba_roles where role like '%RECOVER%';

ROLE PASSWORD

------------------------------ --------

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER NO

SYS@JCH2> select * from role_sys_privs where role='RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER';

ROLE PRIVILEGE ADM

------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE SYNONYM NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE CLUSTER NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER ALTER SESSION NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE DATABASE LINK NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE SESSION NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE TABLE NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE SEQUENCE NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE PROCEDURE NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE VIEW NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE TYPE NO

RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER CREATE TRIGGER NO

11 rows selected.

SYS@JCH2> grant connect,resource,recovery_catalog_owner to catalog_admin;

Grant succeeded.

grant connect,resource,recovery_catalog_owner to catalog_admin; 只需这三个角色即可

SYS@JCH2> grant connect,resource,recovery_catalog_owner to catalog_admin;

Grant succeeded.

4.登录RMAN创建CATALOG库

rman catalog catalog_admin/catalog_admin@JCH2

create catalog tablespace catalog_tbs; 把catalog_tbs表空间指定为catalog库 。时间长。要创建很多对象，来保存库的信息。

[oracle@ocm2 JCH2]$ rman catalog catalog_admin/catalog_admin@JCH2

Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Jan 15 07:07:36 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

connected to recovery catalog database

RMAN> create catalog tablespace catalog_tbs;

recovery catalog created

RMAN>

exit

5.注册目标数据库，下面把环境修改了一下，tnsnames为JCH111，JCH112后面的数字是IP也是机器的顺序。

注册JCH1

必须要管理员身份登录数据库才可注册普通用户不可以 .想要管理哪个，就把哪个库注册进来。

rman target sys/oracle@JCH111 catalog catalog_admin/catalog_admin@JCH112

出了错：

重建密码文件

再次连接成功：

register database;

[oracle@ocm2 admin]$ rman target sys/oracle@JCH111 catalog catalog_admin/catalog_admin@JCH112

Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Wed Jan 15 08:25:04 2014

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.

connected to target database: JCH1 (DBID=1969774514)

connected to recovery catalog database

RMAN> register database;

database registered in recovery catalog

starting full resync of recovery catalog

full resync complete

RMAN>

注册JCH2

rman target sys/oracle catalog catalog_admin/catalog_admin

register database;

【unregister database; 】取消注册命令

6.在数据库中确认注册成功，看看哪些数据库注册到catalog库了

sqlplus catalog_admin/catalog_admin@JCH112

select * from rc_database;

7.JCH1开启归档

alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=/oracle/oracle/rman_backup' scope=spfile;

shutdown immediate

startup mount

alter database archivelog;

alter database open;

select log_mode from v$database;

SQL> alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=/oracle/oracle/arch_backup' scope=spfile;

System altered.

SQL> shutdown immediate;

Database closed.

Database dismounted.

ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> startup mount;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 536870912 bytes

Fixed Size 1220460 bytes

Variable Size 159383700 bytes

Database Buffers 373293056 bytes

Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes

Database mounted.

SQL> alter database archivelog;

Database altered.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

SQL> select log_mode from v$database;

LOG_MODE

------------

ARCHIVELOG

SQL>

三 设置RMAN环境变量

官方文档：Backup and Recovery Reference -> CONFIGURE

我们在使用RMAN工具进行备份恢复时，第一 可以在命令行模式下指定备份恢复选项

                                  第二 可以提前设置好RMAN环境变量，当达到触发条件时自动触发（目的）

必须连接到目标数据库后才可以查看设置好的变量值

rman target sys/oracle@JCH111 catalog catalog_admin/catalog_admin@JCH112

show all;

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default 冗余配置保留政策：冗余数是1

CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default 开启增量备份：关

CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default 默认备份设备是磁盘

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default 控制文件自动备份：关

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default 控制文件自动备份目录和格式：%F 【备份设备：Disk】

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default 备份的并行度:1，备份类型为备份集【几个并行度就分配几个通道】

CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default 数据文件采用复制方式备份

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default 归档日志采用复制方式备份

CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default 最大值：无限制

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default 加密数据库：关

CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default 加密算法采用AES128 加密表空间时默认AES192算法

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default 归档日志删除策略：空

CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO 快照控制文件名

RMAN默认备份介质保存目录/oracle/oracle/rman_backup

configure channel device type disk format '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/JCH1_%U';

RMAN> configure channel device type disk format '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/JCH1_%U';

old RMAN configuration parameters:

CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/JCH1_%U';

new RMAN configuration parameters:

CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/JCH1_%U';

new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

starting full resync of recovery catalog

full resync complete

控制文件自动备份

configure controlfile autobackup on;

configure controlfile autobackup format for device type disk to '/oracle/oracle/control_backup/controlfile_%F';

备份并行度2

CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2;

增量备份

configure backup optimization on;

备份介质保留期为30天

configure retention policy to recovery window of 30 days;

显示我们设置完的参数配置

show all;

配置后的参数：

四 RMAN备份和闪回数据库

官方文档：Backup and Recovery Reference -> BACKUP

Backup and Recovery Basics -> 4 Backing Up Databases Using RMAN -> 4.2.5 Using Compressed Backupsets for RMAN Backup

1.压缩全备

backup as compressed backupset database plus archivelog; 使用默认的备份介质目录和格式，使用控制文件和参数文件自动备份

在JCH1机器查看备份文件：

2.RMAN模块版压缩备份数据库，采用压缩备份方式全库备份

run{

backup as compressed backupset full database

format '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/full_JCH1_%u%p%s.rmn'

include current controlfile;

backup as compressed backupset archivelog all

format '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup /arch_leo1_%u%p%s.rmn'

delete all input;

}

3.使用默认备份介质目录和格式，同时删除备份过的归档日志

backup as compressed backupset full database include current controlfile plus archivelog delete all input;

4.“一行RMAN命令”压缩备份数据库

backup as compressed backupset full database format

'/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/full_JCH1_%u%p%s.rmn' include current controlfile

plus

archivelog format '/oracle/oracle/rman_backup/full_JCH1_%u%p%s.rmn' delete all input;

5.检查所有备份集

list backupset summary;

6.配置flashback数据库

闪回数据库：使用闪回日志恢复数据库到之前的一个时间点。

启动闪回前提条件是开启归档：归档日志可以辅助闪回日志完成闪回工作，往回闪不用归档，往前闪会用到归档。

1.检查数据库状态

select open_mode,log_mode,flashback_on from v$database; 是否在mount和archive状态

SQL> select open_mode,log_mode,flashback_on from v$database;

OPEN_MODE LOG_MODE FLASHBACK_ON

---------- ------------ ------------------

READ WRITE ARCHIVELOG NO

SQL>

archive log list;

先设置快速恢复区大小再设置目录

alter system set db_recovery_file_dest_size=2g;

mkdir -p /oracle/oracle/flash

alter system set db_recovery_file_dest='/oracle/oracle/flash'; （保存闪回日志）

设置闪回保留期24小时（1天）单位是分钟

alter system set db_flashback_retention_target=1440 scope=spfile;

2.重启使参数生效

shutdown immediate

startup mount

show parameter db_recovery

启动闪回功能

alter database flashback on;

3.打开数据库

alter database open;

select open_mode,log_mode,flashback_on from v$database;

闪回种类

闪回查询 undo

闪回表 recycbin

闪回版本 undo

闪回事物 undo

闪回数据库 闪回日志

闪回归档 表空间（永久保存11g新特性）

扩展知识 各种闪回实验

《Oracle Flashback 知行合一》 详细阐述了flashback特性的原理与应用场景

http://blog.itpub.net/26686207/viewspace-761416/

《RMAN 备份与恢复深入解析（一） 》

http://blog.itpub.net/26686207/viewspace-760869

《RMAN 备份与恢复深入解析（二） 》

http://blog.itpub.net/26686207/viewspace-760871

大家如果想深入的学习RMAN与FLASHBACK知识可以阅读这三篇文章