自动化运维工具ansible实战
什么ansible
ansible是新出现的自动化运维工具，基于Python开发，集合了众多运维工具（puppet、chef、func、fabric）的优点，实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能。
ansible的特点
- 部署简单，只需在主控端部署Ansible环境，被控端无需做任何操作；
- 默认使用SSH协议对设备进行管理；
- 有大量常规运维操作模块，可实现日常绝大部分操作；
- 配置简单、功能强大、扩展性强；
- 支持API及自定义模块，可通过Python轻松扩展；
- 通过Playbooks来定制强大的配置、状态管理；
- 轻量级，无需在客户端安装agent，更新时，只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可；
- 提供一个功能强大、操作性强的Web管理界面和REST API接口——AWX平台。
ansible的任务执行：
Ansible 系统由控制主机对被管节点的操作方式可分为两类，即adhoc和playbook：
-
ad-hoc模式(点对点模式)
使用单个模块，支持批量执行单条命令。ad-hoc 命令是一种可以快速输入的命令，而且不需要保存起来的命令。就相当于bash中的一句话shell。
-
playbook模式(剧本模式)
是Ansible主要管理方式，也是Ansible功能强大的关键所在。playbook通过多个task集合完成一类功能，如Web服务的安装部署、数据库服务器的批量备份等。可以简单地把playbook理解为通过组合多条ad-hoc操作的配置文件。
ansible命令执行过程：
- 加载自己的配置文件，默认
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg； - 查找对应的主机配置文件，找到要执行的主机或者组；
- 加载自己对应的模块文件，如 command；
- 通过ansible将模块或命令生成对应的临时py文件(python脚本)， 并将该文件传输至远程服务器；
- 对应执行用户的家目录的
.ansible/tmp/XXX/XXX.PY文件； - 给文件 +x 执行权限；
- 执行并返回结果；
- 删除临时py文件，
sleep 0退出；
设置主机组
[web]
192.168.9.129
ansible-doc命令
#获取全部模块的信息
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ansible-doc -l
#获取copy模块的使用帮助
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ansible-doc -s copy
ansible配置公私钥
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ssh-keygen
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ssh-copy-id [email protected]
ansible的常用模块
1.主机连通性测试
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ansible web -m ping
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3,
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": false,
"ping": "pong"
}
2.command模块
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ansible web -m command -a "free -h"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3,
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 8.5Gi 3.3Gi 4.3Gi 69Mi 1.4Gi 5.3Gi
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
3.shell模块
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ansible web -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3,
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
4.copy模块
src#被复制到远程主机的本地文件。可以是绝对路径，也可以是相对路径。如果路径是一个目录，则会递归复制，用法类似于"rsync"content#用于替换"src"，可以直接指定文件的值dest#必选项，将源文件复制到的远程主机的绝对路径backup#当文件内容发生改变后，在覆盖之前把源文件备份，备份文件包含时间信息directory_mode#递归设定目录的权限，默认为系统默认权限force#当目标主机包含该文件，但内容不同时，设为"yes"，表示强制覆盖；设为"no"，表示目标主机的目标位置不存在该文件才复制。默认为"yes"others#所有的 file 模块中的选项可以在这里使用
复制文件
[root@k8s-master ~]# ansible web -m copy -a 'src=/root/cpu_total.sh dest=/data/cpu_total.sh'
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3,
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"checksum": "64851646b4d275ce61e4985bdb5ac18e4d83b833",
"dest": "/data/cpu_total.sh",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "eec33fdd32df391a27f2795535b4eacf",
"mode": "0644",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "system_u:object_r:default_t:s0",
"size": 39,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1740048210.3642464-823543-272310780923407/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}给定内容生成文件，并指定权限
[root@k8s-master ~]# ansible web -m copy -a 'content="my name is wyx" dest=/root/test1.txt mode=666'
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3,
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"checksum": "88a1819f44f50263826c7e75ff0af055d9d1bd07",
"dest": "/root/test1.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "d9ac81bea3f272676d58728b2a6fccf4",
"mode": "0666",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
"size": 14,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1740048242.9820096-902225-126836339119050/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
修改问价内容，选择覆盖备份
[root@k8s-master ansible]# ansible web -m copy -a 'content="hellp" backup=yes dest=/root/test1.txt mode=0666'
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at
/usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"backup_file": "/root/test1.txt.3659291.2025-02-16@01:18:24~",
"changed": true,
"checksum": "d4baaad7a68a379b1e133e0fea0603051b0124ca",
"dest": "/root/test1.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"md5sum": "c983190483df167d2a3841463c2a9341",
"mode": "0666",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
"size": 5,
"src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1740050065.5839632-897695-4201364216735/source",
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
5.file模块
force #需要在两种情况下强制创建软链接，一种是源文件不存在，但之后会建立的情况下；另一种是目标软链接已存在，需要先取消之前的软链，然后创建新的软链，有两个选项：yes|no
group #定义文件/目录的属组。后面可以加上mode：定义文件/目录的权限
owner #定义文件/目录的属主。后面必须跟上path：定义文件/目录的路径
recurse #递归设置文件的属性，只对目录有效，后面跟上src：被链接的源文件路径，只应用于state=link的情况
dest #被链接到的路径，只应用于state=link的情况
state #状态，有以下选项：
directory：如果目录不存在，就创建目录
file：即使文件不存在，也不会被创建
link：创建软链接
hard：创建硬链接
touch：如果文件不存在，则会创建一个新的文件，如果文件或目录已存在，则更新其最后修改时间
absent：删除目录、文件或者取消链接文件
创建目录
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m file -a 'path=/data/app state=directory'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "root",
"path": "/data/app",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:default_t:s0",
"size": 4096,
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -a /data'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
.
..
app
cpu_total.sh创建链接文件
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m file -a 'path=/data/bbb.jpg src=aaa.jpg state=link force=yes'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/data/bbb.jpg",
"src": "aaa.jpg"
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /data'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total 8
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Feb 16 22:32 app
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Feb 16 22:39 bbb.jpg -> aaa.jpg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 39 Feb 16 00:44 cpu_total.sh
删除文件
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m file -a 'path=/data/app state=absent'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"path": "/data/app",
"state": "absent"
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a 'ls -l /data'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
total 4
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Feb 16 22:39 bbb.jpg -> aaa.jpg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 39 Feb 16 00:44 cpu_total.sh
6.fetch模块
该模块用于从远程某主机获取文件到本地
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m fetch -a "src=/root/test1.txt dest=/data flat=yes"
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"checksum": "d4baaad7a68a379b1e133e0fea0603051b0124ca",
"dest": "/data",
"md5sum": "c983190483df167d2a3841463c2a9341",
"remote_checksum": "d4baaad7a68a379b1e133e0fea0603051b0124ca",
"remote_md5sum": null
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ll /data
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5 Feb 21 15:07 /data
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# cat /data
hellp
7.cron模块
添加计划任务
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m cron -a 'name="ntp update every 5 min" minute=*/5 job="/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.9.128 &> /dev/null"'
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": [
"ntp update every 5 min"
]
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a "crontab -l"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: ntp update every 5 min
*/5 * * * * /sbin/ntpdate 192.168.9.128 &> /dev/null
删除计划任务
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m cron -a 'name="ntp update every 5 min" minute=*/5 job="/sbin/ntpdate 192.168.9.128 &> /dev/null" state=absent'
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"envs": [],
"jobs": []
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a "crontab -l"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
8.yum模块
name= #所安装的包的名称
state= #present--->安装， latest--->安装最新的, absent---> 卸载软件。
update_cache #强制更新yum的缓存
conf_file #指定远程yum安装时所依赖的配置文件（安装本地已有的包）。
disable_pgp_check #是否禁止GPG checking，只用于presentor latest。
disablerepo #临时禁止使用yum库。 只用于安装或更新时。
enablerepo #临时使用的yum库。只用于安装或更新时。
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m yum -a "name=tree state=present"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"msg": "",
"rc": 0,
"results": [
"Installed: tree-2.0.4-2.oe2203sp1.x86_64"
]
}
9.service模块
arguments#命令行提供额外的参数enabled#设置开机启动。name=#服务名称runlevel#开机启动的级别，一般不用指定。sleep#在重启服务的过程中，是否等待。如在服务关闭以后等待2秒再启动。(定义在剧本中。)state#有四种状态，分别为：started--->启动服务，stopped--->停止服务，restarted--->重启服务，reloaded--->重载配置
检测elk服务是否自启动
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m service -a "name=elasticsearch state=started enabled=true"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": false,
"enabled": true,
"name": "elasticsearch",
"state": "started",
关闭服务
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m service -a "name=elasticsearch state=stopped"
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"name": "elasticsearch",
"state": "stopped",
10.user模块
comment# 用户的描述信息createhome# 是否创建家目录force# 在使用state=absent时, 行为与userdel –force一致.group# 指定基本组groups# 指定附加组，如果指定为(groups=)表示删除所有组home# 指定用户家目录move_home# 如果设置为home=时, 试图将用户主目录移动到指定的目录name# 指定用户名non_unique# 该选项允许改变非唯一的用户ID值password# 指定用户密码remove# 在使用state=absent时, 行为是与userdel –remove一致shell# 指定默认shellstate# 设置帐号状态，不指定为创建，指定值为absent表示删除system# 当创建一个用户，设置这个用户是系统用户。这个设置不能更改现有用户uid# 指定用户的uid
创建用户
oot@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m user -a "name=xiaomin uid=11111"
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"comment": "",
"create_home": true,
"group": 11111,
"home": "/home/xiaomin",
"name": "xiaomin",
"shell": "/bin/bash",
"state": "present",
"system": false,
"uid": 11111
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd | grep xiaomin"
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
xiaomin:x:11111:11111::/home/xiaomin:/bin/bash
删除用户
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m user -a "name=xiaomin state=absent"
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"force": false,
"name": "xiaomin",
"remove": false,
"state": "absent"
}
11.group模块
gid=#设置组的GID号name=#指定组的名称state=#指定组的状态，默认为创建，设置值为absent为删除system=#设置值为yes，表示创建为系统组
创建组
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m group -a "name=test gid=12222"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"gid": 12222,
"name": "test",
"state": "present",
"system": false
}
删除组
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m group -a "name=test state=absent"
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": true,
"name": "test",
"state": "absent"
}
[root@k8s-master conf.d]# ansible web -m shell -a "cat /etc/group | grep test"
192.168.9.129 | FAILED | rc=1 >>
non-zero return code12.script模块
[root@k8s-master ~]# ansible web -m script -a '/tmp/df.sh'
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED => {
"changed": true,
"rc": 0,
"stderr": "Shared connection to 192.168.9.129 closed.\r\n",
"stderr_lines": [
"Shared connection to 192.168.9.129 closed."
],
"stdout": "",
"stdout_lines": []
}
[root@k8s-master ~]# ansible web -m shell -a "cat /tmp/disk_total.log"
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Sun Feb 16 11:52:19 PM CST 2025
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.7G 0 1.7G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 676M 69M 608M 11% /run
tmpfs 4.0M 0 4.0M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/openeuler-root 17G 11G 5.4G 66% /
tmpfs 1.7G 11M 1.7G 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 974M 193M 714M 22% /boot
[root@k8s-master ~]# cat /tmp/df.sh
#!/bin/bash
date >> /tmp/disk_total.log
df -lh >> /tmp/disk_total.log13.setup模块
该模块主要用于收集信息，是通过调用facts组件来实现的。
查看信息
[root@k8s-master ~]# ansible web -m setup -a 'filter="*mem*"'
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_memfree_mb": 4963,
"ansible_memory_mb": {
"nocache": {
"free": 5696,
"used": 3058
},
"real": {
"free": 4963,
"total": 8754,
"used": 3791
},
"swap": {
"cached": 0,
"free": 0,
"total": 0,
"used": 0
}
},
"ansible_memtotal_mb": 8754,
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": false
}
保存信息
[root@k8s-master ~]# ansible web -m setup -a 'filter=*mem*' --tree /tmp/facts
[WARNING]: Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See
https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information.
192.168.9.129 | SUCCESS => {
"ansible_facts": {
"ansible_memfree_mb": 4620,
"ansible_memory_mb": {
"nocache": {
"free": 5426,
"used": 3328
},
"real": {
"free": 4620,
"total": 8754,
"used": 4134
},
"swap": {
"cached": 0,
"free": 0,
"total": 0,
"used": 0
}
},
"ansible_memtotal_mb": 8754,
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
},
"changed": false
}
[root@k8s-master ~]# cd /tmp/facts/
[root@k8s-master facts]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 623 Feb 21 16:11 192.168.9.129
[root@k8s-master facts]# cat 192.168.9.129
{"ansible_facts": {"ansible_memfree_mb": 4620, "ansible_memory_mb": {"nocache": {"free": 5426, "used": 3328}, "real": {"free": 4620, "total": 8754, "used": 4134}, "swap": {"cached": 0, "free": 0, "total": 0, "used": 0}}, "ansible_memtotal_mb": 8754, "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"}, "changed": false, "warnings": ["Platform linux on host 192.168.9.129 is using the discovered Python interpreter at /usr/bin/python3, but future installation of another Python interpreter could change this. See https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/2.9/reference_appendices/interpreter_discovery.html for more information."]}[root@k8s-master facts]#