条件变量是Java5线程中很重要的一个概念,顾名思义,条件变量就是表示条件的一种变量。但是必须说明,这里的条件是没有实际含义的,仅仅是个标记而已,并且条件的含义往往通过代码来赋予其含义。
这里的条件和普通意义上的条件表达式有着天壤之别。
条件变量都实现了java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition接口,条件变量的实例化是通过一个Lock对象上调用newCondition()方法来获取的,这样,条件就和一个锁对象绑定起来了。因此,Java中的条件变量只能和锁配合使用,来控制并发程序访问竞争资源的安全。
条件变量的出现是为了更精细控制线程等待与唤醒,在Java5之前,线程的等待与唤醒依靠的是Object对象的wait()和notify()/notifyAll()方法,这样的处理不够精细。
而在Java5中,一个锁可以有多个条件,每个条件上可以有多个线程等待,通过调用await()方法,可以让线程在该条件下等待。当调用signalAll()方法,又可以唤醒该条件下的等待的线程。有关Condition接口的API可以具体参考JavaAPI文档。
条件变量比较抽象,原因是他不是自然语言中的条件概念,而是程序控制的一种手段。
下面以一个银行存取款的模拟程序为例来揭盖Java多线程条件变量的神秘面纱:
有一个账户,多个用户(线程)在同时操作这个账户,有的存款有的取款,存款随便存,取款有限制,不能透支,任何试图透支的操作都将等待里面有足够存款才执行操作。
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; /** * 多线程-条件变量 * * @author 林计钦 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午02:43:07 */ public class ThreadConditionTest { public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadConditionTest test = new ThreadConditionTest(); // 创建并发访问的账户 MyCount myCount = test.new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000); // 创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Thread t1 = test.new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000); Thread t2 = test.new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600); Thread t3 = test.new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700); Thread t4 = test.new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600); Thread t5 = test.new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300); Thread t6 = test.new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800); // 执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); // 关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); } /** * 存款线程类 */ public class SaveThread extends Thread { private String name; // 操作人 private MyCount myCount; // 账户 private int x; // 存款金额 SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.saving(x, name); } } /** * 取款线程类 */ public class DrawThread extends Thread { private String name; // 操作人 private MyCount myCount; // 账户 private int x; // 存款金额 DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.drawing(x, name); } } /** * 普通银行账户,不可透支 */ public class MyCount { private String oid; // 账号 private int cash; // 账户余额 private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); // 账户锁 private Condition _save = lock.newCondition(); // 存款条件 private Condition _draw = lock.newCondition(); // 取款条件 MyCount(String oid, int cash) { this.oid = oid; this.cash = cash; } /** * 存款 * * @param x * 操作金额 * @param name * 操作人 */ public void saving(int x, String name) { lock.lock(); // 获取锁 if (x > 0) { cash += x; // 存款 System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash); } _draw.signalAll(); // 唤醒所有等待线程。 lock.unlock(); // 释放锁 } /** * 取款 * * @param x * 操作金额 * @param name * 操作人 */ public void drawing(int x, String name) { lock.lock(); // 获取锁 try { if (cash - x < 0) { _draw.await(); // 阻塞取款操作 } else { cash -= x; // 取款 System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash); } _save.signalAll(); // 唤醒所有存款操作 } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { lock.unlock(); // 释放锁 } } } }
张三存款2000,当前余额为12000 王五取款2700,当前余额为9300 老张存款600,当前余额为9900 老牛取款1300,当前余额为8600 胖子取款800,当前余额为7800 李四存款3600,当前余额为11400
假如我们不用锁和条件变量,如何实现此功能呢?下面是实现代码:
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; /** * 多线程-条件变量 * * @author 林计钦 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午02:43:07 */ public class ThreadConditionTest2 { public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadConditionTest2 test = new ThreadConditionTest2(); // 创建并发访问的账户 MyCount myCount = test.new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000); // 创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Thread t1 = test.new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000); Thread t2 = test.new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600); Thread t3 = test.new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700); Thread t4 = test.new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600); Thread t5 = test.new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300); Thread t6 = test.new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800); // 执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); // 关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); } /** * 存款线程类 */ class SaveThread extends Thread { private String name; // 操作人 private MyCount myCount; // 账户 private int x; // 存款金额 SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.saving(x, name); } } /** * 取款线程类 */ class DrawThread extends Thread { private String name; // 操作人 private MyCount myCount; // 账户 private int x; // 存款金额 DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.drawing(x, name); } } /** * 普通银行账户,不可透支 */ class MyCount { private String oid; // 账号 private int cash; // 账户余额 MyCount(String oid, int cash) { this.oid = oid; this.cash = cash; } /** * 存款 * * @param x * 操作金额 * @param name * 操作人 */ public synchronized void saving(int x, String name) { if (x > 0) { cash += x; // 存款 System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash); } notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有等待线程。 } /** * 取款 * * @param x * 操作金额 * @param name * 操作人 */ public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) { if (cash - x < 0) { try { wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } else { cash -= x; // 取款 System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash); } notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有存款操作 } } }
结合先前同步代码知识,举一反三,将此例改为同步代码块来实现,代码如下:
package cn.thread; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; import java.util.concurrent.Executors; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; /** * 多线程-条件变量 * * @author 林计钦 * @version 1.0 2013-7-26 下午02:43:07 */ public class ThreadConditionTest3 { public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadConditionTest3 test = new ThreadConditionTest3(); // 创建并发访问的账户 MyCount myCount = test.new MyCount("95599200901215522", 10000); // 创建一个线程池 ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); Thread t1 = test.new SaveThread("张三", myCount, 2000); Thread t2 = test.new SaveThread("李四", myCount, 3600); Thread t3 = test.new DrawThread("王五", myCount, 2700); Thread t4 = test.new SaveThread("老张", myCount, 600); Thread t5 = test.new DrawThread("老牛", myCount, 1300); Thread t6 = test.new DrawThread("胖子", myCount, 800); // 执行各个线程 pool.execute(t1); pool.execute(t2); pool.execute(t3); pool.execute(t4); pool.execute(t5); pool.execute(t6); // 关闭线程池 pool.shutdown(); } /** * 存款线程类 */ class SaveThread extends Thread { private String name; // 操作人 private MyCount myCount; // 账户 private int x; // 存款金额 SaveThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.saving(x, name); } } /** * 取款线程类 */ class DrawThread extends Thread { private String name; // 操作人 private MyCount myCount; // 账户 private int x; // 存款金额 DrawThread(String name, MyCount myCount, int x) { this.name = name; this.myCount = myCount; this.x = x; } public void run() { myCount.drawing(x, name); } } /** * 普通银行账户,不可透支 */ class MyCount { private String oid; // 账号 private int cash; // 账户余额 MyCount(String oid, int cash) { this.oid = oid; this.cash = cash; } /** * 存款 * * @param x * 操作金额 * @param name * 操作人 */ public synchronized void saving(int x, String name) { if (x > 0) { synchronized (this) { cash += x; // 存款 System.out.println(name + "存款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash); notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有等待线程。 } } } /** * 取款 * * @param x * 操作金额 * @param name * 操作人 */ public synchronized void drawing(int x, String name) { synchronized (this) { if (cash - x < 0) { try { wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } else { cash -= x; // 取款 System.out.println(name + "取款" + x + ",当前余额为" + cash); } } notifyAll(); // 唤醒所有存款操作 } } }
对比以上三种方式,从控制角度上讲,第一种最灵活,第二种代码最简单,第三种容易犯错。