explain语法
有两种用法: 1.EXPLAIN tbl_name 2.EXPLAIN [EXTENDED] SELECT select_options
为了更好的说明它,我们需要建两张表,下面的语句用于创建一张测试用的订单表:
CREATE TABLE `t_order` ( `order_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '订单ID', `express_type` tinyint(1) unsigned NOT NULL COMMENT '快递方式', `user_id` int(10) unsigned DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '用户ID', `add_time` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '下单时间', PRIMARY KEY (`order_id`), KEY `user_id` (`user_id`), KEY `express_type` (`express_type`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=100000 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='订单记录表'
然后我往其中插入了100000条记录。
下面是订单的扩展表,仅向其中插入了一条记录,关联某笔订单。
CREATE TABLE `t_order_ext` ( `order_id` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '订单ID', `user_type` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '用户类型', `comment` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL COMMENT '订单备注', KEY `order_id` (`order_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
先看一下第一种用法:
mysql> explain t_order; +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | order_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | express_type | tinyint(1) unsigned | NO | MUL | NULL | | | user_id | int(10) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | add_time | int(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这其实和describe是等价的:
mysql> describe t_order; +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | order_id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | express_type | tinyint(1) unsigned | NO | MUL | NULL | | | user_id | int(10) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | | | add_time | int(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这返回的是表的结构,没有什么可说的。
重点是第二种用法,需要深入的了解。
先看一个例子:
mysql> explain select * from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100453 | | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.03 sec)
加上extended后之后:
mysql> explain extended select * from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100453 | 100.00 | | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
id | SELECT识别符。这是SELECT的查询序列号 |
select_type | SELECT类型,可以为以下任何一种:
|
table | 输出的行所引用的表 |
type | 联接类型。下面给出各种联接类型,按照从最佳类型到最坏类型进行排序:
|
possible_keys | 指出MySQL能使用哪个索引在该表中找到行 |
key | 显示MySQL实际决定使用的键(索引)。如果没有选择索引,键是NULL。 |
key_len | 显示MySQL决定使用的键长度。如果键是NULL,则长度为NULL。 |
ref | 显示使用哪个列或常数与key一起从表中选择行。 |
rows | 显示MySQL认为它执行查询时必须检查的行数。多行之间的数据相乘可以估算要处理的行数。 |
filtered | 显示了通过条件过滤出的行数的百分比估计值。 |
Extra | 该列包含MySQL解决查询的详细信息
|
下面对几个重要的参数进行一下说明
一.select_type的说明
1.UNION:
当通过union来连接多个查询结果时,第二个之后的select其select_type为UNION。 mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 union select * from t_order where order_id=200; +----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | 2 | UNION | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | | +----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.34 sec)
2.DEPENDENT UNION与DEPENDENT SUBQUERY:
当union作为子查询时,其中第二个union的select_type就是DEPENDENT UNION。
第一个子查询的select_type则是DEPENDENT SUBQUERY。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id in (select order_id from t_order where order_id=100 union select order_id from t_order where order_id=200); +----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100453 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | | 3 | DEPENDENT UNION | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using index | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union2,3> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | | +----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ 4 rows in set (0.03 sec)
3.SUBQUERY:
子查询中的第一个select其select_type为SUBQUERY。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=(select order_id from t_order where order_id=100); +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
4.DERIVED:
当子查询是from子句时,其select_type为DERIVED。
mysql> explain select * from (select order_id from t_order where order_id=100) a; +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | system | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | | | 2 | DERIVED | t_order | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.03 sec)
二.type的说明
1.system,const
见上面4.DERIVED的例子。其中第一行的type就是为system,第二行是const,这两种联接类型是最快的。
2.eq_ref
在t_order表中的order_id是主键,t_order_ext表中的order_id也是主键,该表可以认为是订单表的补充信息表,他们的关系是1对1,在下面的例子中可以看到b表的连接类型是eq_ref,这是极快的联接类型。
mysql> explain select * from t_order a,t_order_ext b where a.order_id=b.order_id; +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ALL | order_id | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | | | 1 | SIMPLE | a | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | test.b.order_id | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.ref
下面的例子在上面的例子上略作了修改,加上了条件。此时b表的联接类型变成了ref。因为所有与a表中order_id=100的匹配记录都将会从b表获取。这是比较常见的联接类型。
mysql> explain select * from t_order a,t_order_ext b where a.order_id=b.order_id and a.order_id=100; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | | | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | order_id | order_id | 4 | const | 1 | | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.ref_or_null
user_id字段是一个可以为空的字段,并对该字段创建了一个索引。在下面的查询中可以看到联接类型为ref_or_null,这是mysql为含有null的字段专门做的处理。在我们的表设计中应当尽量避免索引字段为NULL,因为这会额外的耗费mysql的处理时间来做优化。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id=100 or user_id is null; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ref_or_null | user_id | user_id | 5 | const | 50325 | Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.index_merge
经常出现在使用一张表中的多个索引时。mysql会将多个索引合并在一起,如下例:
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 or user_id=10; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index_merge | PRIMARY,user_id | PRIMARY,user_id | 4,5 | NULL | 2 | Using union(PRIMARY,user_id); Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.09 sec)
6.unique_subquery
该联接类型用于替换value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)这样的子查询的ref。注意ref列,其中第二行显示的是func,表明unique_subquery是一个函数,而不是一个普通的ref。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id in (select order_id from t_order where user_id=10); +----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100649 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | unique_subquery | PRIMARY,user_id | PRIMARY | 4 | func | 1 | Using where | +----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7.index_subquery
该联接类型与上面的太像了,唯一的差别就是子查询查的不是主键而是非唯一索引。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id in (select user_id from t_order where order_id>10); +----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100649 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | index_subquery | PRIMARY,user_id | user_id | 5 | func | 50324 | Using index; Using where | +----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
8.range
按指定的范围进行检索,很常见。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id in (100,200,300); +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | range | user_id | user_id | 5 | NULL | 3 | Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
9.index
在进行统计时非常常见,此联接类型实际上会扫描索引树,仅比ALL快些。
mysql> explain select count(*) from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index | NULL | user_id | 5 | NULL | 100649 | Using index | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
10.ALL
完整的扫描全表,最慢的联接类型,尽可能的避免。
mysql> explain select * from t_order; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100649 | | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三.extra的说明
1.Distinct
MySQL发现第1个匹配行后,停止为当前的行组合搜索更多的行。对于此项没有找到合适的例子,求指点。
2.Not exists
因为b表中的order_id是主键,不可能为NULL,所以mysql在用a表的order_id扫描t_order表,并查找b表的行时,如果在b表发现一个匹配的行就不再继续扫描b了,因为b表中的order_id字段不可能为NULL。这样避免了对b表的多次扫描。
mysql> explain select count(1) from t_order a left join t_order_ext b on a.order_id=b.order_id where b.order_id is null; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | index | NULL | express_type | 1 | NULL | 100395 | Using index | | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | order_id | order_id | 4 | test.a.order_id | 1 | Using where; Using index; Not exists | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3.Range checked for each record
这种情况是mysql没有发现好的索引可用,速度比没有索引要快得多。
mysql> explain select * from t_order t, t_order_ext s where s.order_id>=t.order_id and s.order_id<=t.order_id and t.express_type>5; +----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | range | PRIMARY,express_type | express_type | 1 | NULL | 1 | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | s | ALL | order_id | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | Range checked for each record (index map: 0x1) | +----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.Using filesort
在有排序子句的情况下很常见的一种情况。此时mysql会根据联接类型浏览所有符合条件的记录,并保存排序关键字和行指针,然后排序关键字并按顺序检索行。
mysql> explain select * from t_order order by express_type; +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100395 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5.Using index
这是性能很高的一种情况。当查询所需的数据可以直接从索引树中检索到时,就会出现。上面的例子中有很多这样的例子,不再多举例了。
6.Using temporary
发生这种情况一般都是需要进行优化的。mysql需要创建一张临时表用来处理此类查询。
mysql> explain select * from t_order a left join t_order_ext b on a.order_id=b.order_id group by b.order_id; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 100395 | Using temporary; Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | order_id | order_id | 4 | test.a.order_id | 1 | | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7.Using where
当有where子句时,extra都会有说明。
8.Using sort_union(...)/Using union(...)/Using intersect(...)
下面的例子中user_id是一个检索范围,此时mysql会使用sort_union函数来进行索引的合并。而当user_id是一个固定值时,请参看上面type说明5.index_merge的例子,此时会使用union函数进行索引合并。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 or user_id>10; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index_merge | PRIMARY,user_id | user_id,PRIMARY | 5,4 | NULL | 2 | Using sort_union(user_id,PRIMARY); Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
对于Using intersect的例子可以参看下例,user_id与express_type发生了索引交叉合并。
mysql> explain select * from t_order where express_type=1 and user_id=100; +----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | index_merge | user_id,express_type | user_id,express_type | 5,1 | NULL | 1 | Using intersect(user_id,express_type); Using where | +----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
9.Using index for group-by
表明可以在索引中找到分组所需的所有数据,不需要查询实际的表。
mysql> explain select user_id from t_order group by user_id; +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_order | range | NULL | user_id | 5 | NULL | 3 | Using index for group-by | +----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
除了上面的三个说明,还需要注意rows的数值,多行之间的数值是乘积的关系,可以估算大概要处理的行数,如果乘积很大,那就很有优化的必要了。