Shell 小技巧

 本文转载自Shell小技巧

Shell小技巧

1. 用&& ||简化if else

gzip -t a.tar.gz  if [[ 0 == $? ]]; then      echo "good zip"  else      echo "bad zip"  fi  

可以简化为:

gzip -t a.tar.gz && echo "good zip" || echo "bad zip" 

2. 命令行参数解析

while getopts ":a:b:c" OPT; do      case $OPT in          a) arg_a=$OPTARG";;          b) arg_b=$OPTARG;;          c) arg_c=true;;          ?) ;;      esac  done  shift $((OPTIND-1)) 

3. 获取文件大小

$ stat -c %s fw8ben.pdf 

4. 字符串替换

替换第一个:${string/pattern/replacement}  替换全部:${string//pattern/replacement} 
$ a='a,b,c' 
$ echo ${a/,/ }   #替换第一个 
$ echo ${a//,/ }  #替换全部 
$ a b c 

5. Contains子字符串?

string='My string'  if [[ $string == *My* ]]; then      echo "It's there!"  fi 

6. 重定向

1>File 2>&1 

7. 备份

rsync -r -t -v /source_folder /destination_folder  rsync -r -t -v /source_folder [user@]host:/destination_folder   

注:命令执行后destinationfolder内将包含一个名为sourcefolder的目录。

8. 批量rename

#为所有的txt文件加上.bak后缀:  rename '.txt' '.txt.bak' *.txt  #去掉所有的bak后缀:  rename '.bak' '' *.bak 

9. 字符集设置

echo $LANG  /etc/sysconfig/i18n 

10. for/while循环

for ((i=0; i < 10; i++)); do echo $i; done  for line in $(cat a.txt); do echo $line; done  for f in *.txt; do echo $f; done  while read line ; do echo $line; done < a.txt  cat a.txt | while read line; do echo $line; done 

11. 进程终止

pkill swiftfox #根据名称终止进程  kill -9 <pid> #根据pid终止进程 

12. find

find ~/tmp -name "*abc*.txt" -mtime -5 #在~/tmp目录下查找名为*abc*.txt且修改时间为5天内的文件 

13. 删除空行

cat a.txt | sed -e '/^$/d'  $ (echo "abc "; echo ""; echo "ddd";) | awk '{ if(0!=NF) print $0;}' 

14. 比较文件修改时间

[[ file1.txt -nt file2.txt ]] && echo true || echo false #-nt means "newer than" 

15. 定时关机

# -t 10: warning与kill signal的间隔时间10s;+30: 分钟后定时关机 nohup shutdown -t 10 +30 &             

16. 模式提取

$echo '2011-07-15 server_log_123.log hello world' | grep -o 'server_log_[0-9]\+\.log'             server_log_123.log  $echo '2011-07-15 server_log_123.log hello world' | sed 's/.*\(server_log_.*\.log\).*/\1/'             server_log_123.log 

17. DOS转Unix

$cat a.txt | tr -d ' 

' $dos2unix a.txt

18.实现Dictionary结构

hput() {      eval "hkey_$1"="$2"  } hget() {      eval echo '${'"hkey_$1"'}'  } $ hput k1 aaa $ hget k1 aaa 

19.去掉第二列

$ echo 'a b c d e f' | cut -d ' ' -f1,3- a c d e f 

20.把stderr输出保存到变量

$ a=$( (echo 'out'; echo 'error' 1>&2) 2>&1 1>/dev/null)  $ echo $a error 

21.删除前3行

$cat a.txt | sed 1,3d 

22.大小写转换

$ echo $foo | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' $ tr ‘[A-Z]’ ‘[a-z']’ < foo.txt 

23.读取多个域到变量

$ read a b c <<< “xxx yyy zzz” $ echo $b yyy 

24.遍历数组

array=( one two three )  for i in ${array[@]}  do      echo $i  done 

25.查看硬盘使用情况

$ df –h 

26.查看目录大小

$ du –sh ~/apps 

27.查看CPU信息

$ cat /proc/cpuinfo 

28.date

$ date +%Y-%m-%d 2012-12-24 $ date +%Y-%m-%d –date ‘-1 day’ 2012-12-23 $ date +%Y-m-%d –date ‘Dec 25’ 2011-12-25 $ date +%Y-m-%d –date ‘Dec 25 – 10 days’ 2011-12-15 

29.svn

1) 启动svn daemon

$ svnserve –d –r <svn_home> 

30.添加sudoers

$ vim /etc/sudoers 

31.获取路径名和文件名

$ dirname ‘/home/todd/a.txt’ /home/todd $ basename ‘/home/todd/a.txt’ a.txt 

32. 查看用户最近登录时间

$ finger weidagang [weidagang@localhost ~]$ finger weidagang  Login: weidagang                        Name: weidagang  Directory: /home/weidagang              Shell: /bin/bash  On since Sat Jan  7 14:15 (CST) on pts/2 from 10.69.22.141 

33.常用网络配置文件和命令

[网卡] 配置文件:/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-<i/f name> <静态IP分配实例> DEVICE=eth0  ONBOOT=yes  BOOTPROTO=static  IPADDR=192.168.168.11  NETMASK=255.255.255.0  GATEWAY=192.168.168.252 <DHCP实例> ONBOOT=yes  TYPE=Ethernet  DHCP_HOSTNAME=sleipnir.cullen.lesbell.com.au  DEVICE=eth0  HWADDR=00:0c:6e:0a:3d:26  BOOTPROTO=dhcp  USERCTL=no  PEERDNS=yes 查看网卡状态:ifconfig 改变网络状态: <CentOS> service network {start|stop|restart|reload|status} 或 /etc/init.d/network {start|stop|restart|reload|status} <Ubuntu> /etc/init.d/networking restart [DNS] 配置文件:/etc/resolv.conf search cullen.lesbell.com.au lesbell.com.au  nameserver 192.168.168.1  nameserver 192.168.168.252 查看域名解析结果:nslookup [Host] 配置文件:/etc/hosts 192.168.0.15 todd [ARP] 查看arp cache命令:arp –a [路由] 查看路由:netstat -nr 查看和修改路由表命令:route 跟踪路由:traceroute 

34. 查看占用某端口的进程ID和程序名

$ netstat --tcp -l -n -p | grep 3306 tcp    0    0    127.0.0.1:3306    0.0.0.0:*    LISTEN    27238/mysqld 

35. 查看和修改主机名

$ echo $HOSTNAME $ echo /proc/sys/kernel/hostname $ vim /etc/sysconfig/network 

36. 文件内容比较

$ cat file1.txt aaa bbb ccc $cat file2.txt bbb ccc ddd #搜索仅出现在file1.txt中的行 $ comm –2 –3 file1.txt file2.txt aaa #搜索file1.txt和file2.txt都出现的行 $ comm –1 –2 file1.txt file2.txt bbb ccc 

37. awk复杂分隔符

# 多字符作分隔符 $ echo "a||b||c||d" | awk -F '[|][|]' '{print $3}' c # 多种分隔符1 $echo "a||b,#c d" | awk -F '[| ,#]+' '{print $4}' d # 多种分隔符2 $echo "a||b##c|#d" | awk -F '([|][|])|([#][#])' '{print $NF}' c|#d 

38. openssl

# 加密文件 $ openssl aes-256-cbc -a -salt -in secrets.txt -out secrets.txt.enc # 解密文件 $ openssl aes-256-cbc -d -a -in secrets.txt.enc -out secrets.txt.new 

39. 删除最后一行末尾的分隔符

删除下面a.txt中最后一行的逗号:

a.txt ======================== pmNoOfSwDownHsCong,  pmUlUpswitchAttemptHigh,  pmUlUpswitchAttemptLow,  pmUlUpswitchSuccessHigh,  pmUlUpswitchSuccessLow,  pmUpswitchFachHsAttempt,  pmUpswitchFachHsSuccess,  ======================== $ cat a.txt | sed '$s/,$//' 

40. 文本和二进制数转换

文本进制转换

$ echo "ibase=16;1F" | bc 31 $ echo "obase=16;31" | bc 1F $ printf "%x" 4095 fff $ printf "%.8x" 4095 00000fff $ printf "%d" 0xfff 4095 $ printf "%.6d" 0x000fff 004095 

文本转二进制数

# big endianness $ printf "0: %.8x" "65534" | xxd -r -g0 >a.bin $ xxd a.bin 0000000: 0000 fffe # little endianness $ printf "0: %.8x" 65534 | sed -e 's/0\: \(..\)\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)/0\: \4\3\2\1/' | xxd -r -g0 > a.bin $ xxd a.bin 0000000: feff 0000

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