随着RESTful Web Service的流行,测试对外的Service是否满足期望也变的必要的。从Spring 3.2开始Spring了Spring Web测试框架,如果版本低于3.2,请使用spring-test-mvc项目(合并到spring3.2中了)。
Spring MVC测试框架提供了对服务器端和客户端(基于RestTemplate的客户端)提供了支持。
对于服务器端:在Spring 3.2之前,我们测试时一般都是直接new控制器,注入依赖,然后判断返回值。但是我们无法连同Spring MVC的基础设施(如DispatcherServlet调度、类型转换、数据绑定、拦截器等)一起测试,另外也没有现成的方法测试如最终渲染的视图 (@ResponseBody生成的JSON/XML、JSP、Velocity等)内容是否正确。从Spring 3.2开始这些事情都可以完成了。而且可以测试完整的Spring MVC流程,即从URL请求到控制器处理,再到视图渲染都可以测试。
对于客户端:不需要启动服务器即可测试我们的RESTful 服务。1 服务器端测试
我的环境:JDK7、Maven3、spring4、Servlet3
首先添加依赖
如下是spring-context和spring-webmvc依赖:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> </dependency>
版本信息:<spring.version>4.0.0.RELEASE</spring.version>
如下是测试相关的依赖(junit、hamcrest、mockito、spring-test):
<dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>${junit.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId> <artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId> <version>${hamcrest.core.version}/version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.mockito</groupId> <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId> <version>${mockito.core.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>
版本信 息:<junit.version>4.11</junit.version>、<hamcrest.core.version>1.3< /hamcrest.core.version>、<mockito.core.version>1.9.5< /mockito.core.version>
package com.sishuok.mvc.entity; import java.io.Serializable; public class User implements Serializable { private Long id; private String name; //省略getter/setter等 }
package com.sishuok.mvc.controller; //省略import @Controller @RequestMapping("/user") public class UserController { @RequestMapping("/{id}") public ModelAndView view(@PathVariable("id") Long id, HttpServletRequest req) { User user = new User(); user.setId(id); user.setName("zhang"); ModelAndView mv = new ModelAndView(); mv.addObject("user", user); mv.setViewName("user/view"); return mv; } }
spring-config.xml:加载非web层组件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd "> <!-- 通过web.xml中的 org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener 加载的 --> <!-- 请参考 http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1602617 --> <context:component-scan base-package="com.sishuok.mvc"> <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/> </context:component-scan> </beans>
spring-mvc.xml:加载和配置web层组件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd "> <!-- 通过web.xml中的 org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet 加载的 --> <!-- 请参考 http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1602617 --> <context:component-scan base-package="com.sishuok.mvc" use-default-filters="false"> <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/> </context:component-scan> <mvc:annotation-driven/> <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver"> <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/jsp/"/> <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/> </bean> </beans>
web.xml配置:此处就不贴了,请前往github查看。
对于context:component-scan注意事项请参考《context:component-scan扫描使用上的容易忽略的use-default-filters》和《第三章 DispatcherServlet详解 ――跟开涛学SpringMVC》。
AppConfig.java:等价于spring-config.xml
package com.sishuok.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; @Configuration @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.sishuok.mvc", excludeFilters = { @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = {Controller.class}) }) public class AppConfig { }
MvcConfig.java:等价于spring-mvc.xml
package com.sishuok.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.FilterType; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.servlet.ViewResolver; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurationSupport; import org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver; @Configuration @EnableWebMvc @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.sishuok.mvc", useDefaultFilters = false, includeFilters = { @ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION, value = {Controller.class}) }) public class MvcConfig extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport { @Bean public ViewResolver viewResolver() { InternalResourceViewResolver viewResolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver(); viewResolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/jsp/"); viewResolver.setSuffix(".jsp"); return viewResolver; } }
WebInitializer.java:注册相应的web.xml中的组件
package com.sishuok.config; import org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer; import org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener; import org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext; import org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter; import org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet; import javax.servlet.DispatcherType; import javax.servlet.FilterRegistration; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.ServletRegistration; import java.util.EnumSet; public class WebInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer { @Override public void onStartup(javax.servlet.ServletContext sc) throws ServletException { AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext rootContext = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); rootContext.register(AppConfig.class); sc.addListener(new ContextLoaderListener(rootContext)); //2、springmvc上下文 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext springMvcContext = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); springMvcContext.register(MvcConfig.class); //3、DispatcherServlet DispatcherServlet dispatcherServlet = new DispatcherServlet(springMvcContext); ServletRegistration.Dynamic dynamic = sc.addServlet("dispatcherServlet", dispatcherServlet); dynamic.setLoadOnStartup(1); dynamic.addMapping("/"); //4、CharacterEncodingFilter CharacterEncodingFilter characterEncodingFilter = new CharacterEncodingFilter(); characterEncodingFilter.setEncoding("utf-8"); FilterRegistration filterRegistration = sc.addFilter("characterEncodingFilter", characterEncodingFilter); filterRegistration.addMappingForUrlPatterns(EnumSet.of(DispatcherType.REQUEST), false, "/"); } }
对于WebInitializer,请参考《Spring4新特性――Groovy Bean定义DSL》
到此基本的配置就搞定了,接下来看看如何测试吧。
package com.sishuok.mvc.controller; //省略import public class UserControllerTest { private UserController userController; @Before public void setUp() { userController = new UserController(); //安装userCtroller依赖 比如userService } @Test public void testView() { MockHttpServletRequest req = new MockHttpServletRequest(); ModelAndView mv = userController.view(1L, req); ModelAndViewAssert.assertViewName(mv, "user/view"); ModelAndViewAssert.assertModelAttributeAvailable(mv, "user"); } }
准备控制器:我们通过new方式创建一个,然后手工查找依赖注入进去(比如从spring容器获取/new的);
Mock Request:此处使用Spring提供的Mock API模拟一个HttpServletRequest,其他的Servlet API也提供了相应的Mock类,具体请查看Javadoc;
访问控制器方法:通过直接调用控制器方法进行访问,此处无法验证Spring MVC框架的类型转换、数据验证等是否正常;
ModelAndViewAssert:通过这个Assert API验证我们的返回值是否正常;
对于单元测试步骤请参考:加速Java应用开发速度3――单元/集成测试+CI
这种方式的缺点已经说过了,如不能走Spring MVC完整流程(不能走Servlet的过滤器链、SpringMVC的类型转换、数据验证、数据绑定、拦截器等等),如果做基本的测试没问题,这种方式 就是纯粹的单元测试,我们想要的功能其实是一种集成测试,不过后续部分不区分。
spring mvc测试框架提供了两种方式,独立安装和集成Web环境测试(此种方式并不会集成真正的web环境,而是通过相应的Mock API进行模拟测试,无须启动服务器)。
public class UserControllerStandaloneSetupTest { private MockMvc mockMvc; @Before public void setUp() { UserController userController = new UserController(); mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(userController).build(); } }
1、首先自己创建相应的控制器,注入相应的依赖
2、通过MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup模拟一个Mvc测试环境,通过build得到一个MockMvc
3、MockMvc:是我们以后测试时经常使用的API,后边介绍
//XML风格 @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @WebAppConfiguration(value = "src/main/webapp") @ContextHierarchy({ @ContextConfiguration(name = "parent", locations = "classpath:spring-config.xml"), @ContextConfiguration(name = "child", locations = "classpath:spring-mvc.xml") }) //注解风格 //@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) //@WebAppConfiguration(value = "src/main/webapp") //@ContextHierarchy({ // @ContextConfiguration(name = "parent", classes = AppConfig.class), // @ContextConfiguration(name = "child", classes = MvcConfig.class) //}) public class UserControllerWebAppContextSetupTest { @Autowired private WebApplicationContext wac; private MockMvc mockMvc; @Before public void setUp() { mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build(); } }
1、@WebAppConfiguration:测试环境使用,用来表示测试环境使用的ApplicationContext将是WebApplicationContext类型的;value指定web应用的根;
2、@ContextHierarchy:指定容器层次,即spring-config.xml是父容器,而spring-mvc.xml是子容器,请参考《第三章 DispatcherServlet详解 ――跟开涛学SpringMVC》
3、通过@Autowired WebApplicationContext wac:注入web环境的ApplicationContext容器;
4、然后通过MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(wac).build()创建一个MockMvc进行测试;
到此测试环境就搭建完成了,根据需要选择使用哪种方式即可。相关配置请前往github查看。
@Test public void testView() throws Exception { MvcResult result = mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/user/1")) .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("user/view")) .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("user")) .andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print()) .andReturn(); Assert.assertNotNull(result.getModelAndView().getModel().get("user")); }
}
//测试普通控制器 mockMvc.perform(get("/user/{id}", 1)) //执行请求 .andExpect(model().attributeExists("user")) //验证存储模型数据 .andExpect(view().name("user/view")) //验证viewName .andExpect(forwardedUrl("/WEB-INF/jsp/user/view.jsp"))//验证视图渲染时forward到的jsp .andExpect(status().isOk())//验证状态码 .andDo(print()); //输出MvcResult到控制台
http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/2004660