ORACLE 监听配置，ORA-01086，事务，序列，savepoint，flashback,修改表数据和结构
1.数据库启动过程
| (1)startup nomount; 参数文件 位置在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/init[$ORACLE_SID].ora (2)alter database mount; 打开并验证控制文件 (3)alter database open; 读取控制文件，并打开对应的DBF和日志文件文件 |
2.服务器端配监听
(1)配置监听及Server name
| [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ export DISPLAY=192.168.5.222:0.0 [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ netmgr |
---------------端口
-----1521(sql)
-----5560(EM)
#---------netmgr 配置监听可以配数据库选项
，监听位置
#---------------netmgr 配置
#---------------配置监听完成后，重启监听(lsnrctl stop,lsnrctl start)
#---------------与netca不同，netmgr可以创建监听；netca可以配置监听部分属性
#---------------与netca不同，netmgr可以创建namesapce,验证时默认为scott/tiger；
netca可以配置namespace部分属性,验证时默认为system
(2)注册(自http://space.itpub.net/23065269/viewspace-713577转载)
注册就是把ORACLE数据库作为一个服务注册到监听程序！客户端不用关心数据库名和实例名，只要知道服务名，就可以申请这个服务，监听程序获得这个申请，把用户分配给数据库进程，这样客户端就可以连上数据库实例了！
@.静态注册就是实例启动时读取listener.ora文件的配置，将实例注册到监听程序。
@.动态注册根本不需要listener.ora文件，是根据参数service_names,instance_name的值进行注册，根据这两个参数的值知道实例名和服务名，向监听程序注册；是这样的。
@.动态注册不需要一定先启动监听，再启动实例，如果监听后启动，动态注册会有延迟而已；
alter system register
@.动态注册默认只注册到默认的监听(名称是LISTENER、端口是1521、协议是TCP)，如果需要向非默认监听注册，则需要配置local_listener参数！
------------------------------------------------------------
在数据库服务器启动过程中，数据库服务器会向监听程序注册相应的服务（无论何时启动一个数据库，默认地都有两条信息注册到监听器中：数据库服务器对应的实例和服务。）
相当于是这样：在数据库服务器和客户端之间有一监听程序（Listener），在监听程序中，会记录相应数据库对应的服务名（一个数据库可能对应有多个服务名），当客户端需要连接数据库时，只需要提供服务名，就可以建立客户端和服务器之间的连接。
(3)动态注册
动态注册是在instance启动的时候PMON进程根据init.ora中的instance_name,service_names两个参数将实例和服务动态注册到listener中。
首先要在init.ora中指定instance_name,service_names两个参数的值。在sqlplus下通过show parameter service_names 和show parameter instance_name可以查看这两个参数的值。
注册到监听器中的实例值从init.ora文件中的instance_name参数取得。如果该参数没有设定值，那么它将取init.ora文件中的db_name的值。如果在RAC中配置，您必须将集群中每个实例的instance_name参数设置为一个唯一的值。
注册到监听器中的服务值从init.ora文件中的参数service_names取得。如果该参数没有设定值，数据库将拼接init.ora文件中的 db_name和db_domain的值来注册自己。如果选择提供service_names值，您可以使用完全限定的名称（比如 orcl.oracle.com)或缩写的名称（比如orcl）。如果选择缩写的名称并设置了db_domain参数，注册到监听器中的服务将是 service_name值和db_domain值的拼接。
(4)静态监听
静态注册就是实例启动时读取listener.ora文件的配置，将实例和服务注册到监听程序。无论何时启动一个数据库，默认地都有两条信息注册到监听器中：数据库服务器对应的实例和服务。
静态注册时，listener.ora中的GLOBAL_DBNAME向外提供服务名，listener.ora中的SID_NAME提供注册的实例名。
(5)配置多ORACLE实例监听
在多个oracle实例的环境下，下述两种监听的配置哪个是最佳的：
1）每个实例配一套监听，对应一个监听端口。
2）多个实例共享一个监听端口，也就是说一个监听端口同时监听多个oracle实例
| #------------已知本地实例orcl,test (1)netmgr 建立监听ORCL ,监听位置192.168.5.130:1522,数据库是ORCL (2)查看监听 [oracle@h1 ~]$ lsnrctl start orcl LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-NOV-2012 20:57:23 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Starting /app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_2/bin/tnslsnr: please wait... TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.5.130)(PORT=1522))) #-----------------以上情况,数据库ORCL启动，监听启动,ORCL数据库监听未注册 (3)注册监听 [oracle@h1 ~]$ sqlplus "/as SYSDBA" SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Nov 11 21:00:04 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to an idle instance. SQL> startup Total System Global Area 501059584 bytes #------------------查看当前实例 INSTANCE_NAME #----------------------查看当前监听 SQL> show parameter listener; NAME TYPE VALUE NAME TYPE VALUE #------------------查看当前实例 NAME TYPE VALUE #----------------修改监听 System altered. SQL> alter system register; System altered. SQL> exit LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-NOV-2012 21:07:37 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.5.130)(PORT=1522))) #----------------以上监听注册成功 #------------------重启数据库,使Spfile生效 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Nov 11 21:07:56 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. SQL> shutdown immediate Total System Global Area 501059584 bytes NAME TYPE VALUE |
同理配置test
| #---------------1.修改环境变量$ORACLE_SID [oracle@h1 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=test [oracle@h1 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID #---------------2.启动数据库 SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Nov 11 21:09:51 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to an idle instance. SQL> startup Total System Global Area 534462464 bytes NAME TYPE VALUE SQL> show parameter listener; NAME TYPE VALUE #---------------4.修改监听 System altered. SQL> alter system register; System altered. #---------------5.重启 SQL> shutdown immediate; Total System Global Area 534462464 bytes NAME TYPE VALUE netmgr 建立监听TEST ,监听位置192.168.5.130:1523,数据库是TEST #---------------7.启监听 [oracle@h1 ~]$ lsnrctl start test LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-NOV-2012 21:16:55 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Starting /app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_2/bin/tnslsnr: please wait... TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.5.130)(PORT=1523))) #------------------监听启动，未注册 #---------------8.查看所有监听情况 LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-NOV-2012 21:17:31 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.5.130)(PORT=1522))) LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-NOV-2012 21:17:36 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.5.130)(PORT=1523))) #---------------9.数据库重启，监听注册 [oracle@h1 ~]$ sqlplus "/as SYSDBA" SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sun Nov 11 21:17:48 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. SQL> show parameter listener; NAME TYPE VALUE Total System Global Area 534462464 bytes oracle@h1 ~]$ lsnrctl status test LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 11-NOV-2012 22:09:08 Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.5.130)(PORT=1523))) |
-------------------------------注册步骤
a)netmgr或netca配置监听
b)监听启动
c)数据库启动,修改监听参数，重启使Spfile生效
OK
4.查看数据库实例
| [oracle@h1 ~]$ sqlplus "/as SYSDBA" SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Nov 10 00:32:42 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: SQL> select instance_name,status from v$instance; INSTANCE_NAME STATUS SQL> |
5.手动建库
(1)建库
[oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ export DISPLAY=192.168.5.222:0.0
[oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ export LANG="" #------或export LANG=""
[oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ dbca
#----------------数据库安装工具
#--------------安装test库
#------------------安装后server上要两个ORACLE实例：orcl和test
(2)切换库
| [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ echo $ORACLE_SID [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ export ORACLE_SID=test [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ sqlplus "/as SYSDBA" SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Nov 10 01:10:29 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: SQL> select instance_name from v$instance; INSTANCE_NAME SQL> host echo $ORACLE_SID SQL> |
6.事务
(1).rollback ,commit
| [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ sqlplus "/as SYSDBA" SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Nov 10 01:45:35 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: SQL> create user u1 identified by abc; User created. SQL> grant dba to u1; Grant succeeded. SQL> conn u1/abc Table created. SQL> insert into u1 values(1,'ORACLE'); 1 row created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> insert all 2 rows created. SQL> select * from u1; ID NAME SQL> rollback; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from u1; ID NAME |
(2).savepoint 只能想前ROLLBACK，不可以向后ROLLBACK
| SQL> create table t2 as select * from u1 where 1=2; Table created. SQL> select * from t2; no rows selected SQL> insert into t2 values(1,'ORACLE'); 1 row created. SQL> savepoint a; Savepoint created. SQL> insert all 2 rows created. SQL> savepoint b; Savepoint created. SQL> insert into t2 values(4,'MCITP'); 1 row created. SQL> savepoint c; Savepoint created. SQL> insert into t2 values(5,'MVA'); 1 row created. SQL> savepoint d; Savepoint created. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> rollback to savepoint c; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> rollback to savepoint a; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> rollback to savepoint a; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> rollback to savepoint d; |
（3）savepoint 只在当前session或事务有效
| SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> insert into t2 values(3,'MCITP'); 1 row created. SQL> savepoint a; Savepoint created. SQL> exit SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Nov 10 02:17:48 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: SQL> conn u1/abc ID NAME SQL> rollback to savepoint a; |
（3）当rollback,事务自动回滚到上一个事务commit,所有savepoint失效；
使用DDL语句或强制session断开，当前事务默认提交
| SQL> insert into t2 values(4,'redhat'); 1 row created. SQL> savepoint a; Savepoint created. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> insert into t2 values(5,'MVA') 1 row created. SQL> savepoint b; Savepoint created. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> insert into t2 values(6,'ITILV3'); 1 row created. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME 6 rows selected. SQL> rollback to savepoint b; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> rllback; Rollback complete. SQL> select * from t2; ID NAME SQL> |
7.tables,sequence
(1)dual
| [oracle@h1 dbhome_2]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Nov 10 04:13:39 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: SQL> select user from dual USER SQL> select user from dual; USER SQL> create user u01 identified by abc; User created. SQL> grant dba to u01; Grant succeeded. SQL> conn u01/abc USER #------------------dual表结构 SQL> desc dual SQL> select SYSDATE from dual; SYSDATE SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY SQL> select 1+2 from dual; 1+2 |
(2).序列
| SQL> create sequence sq1 increment by 1 start with 1; Sequence created. SQL> select sq1.nextval from dual; NEXTVAL SQL> select sq1.nextval from dual; NEXTVAL SQL> select sq1.nextval from dual; NEXTVAL SQL> select sq1.currval from dual; CURRVAL SQL> --------------------------------------------------- #----------------序列建表 CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_001 START WITH 9999 INCREMENT BY 9; --------------2
--------------3
-------------4 select * from A004; |
(3).分区表
| SQL> conn u01/abc SQL> create table t_new(id int,time date) partition by range(time) SQL> insert into t_new values (1,to_date('2003-01-01','yyyy_mm_dd')); 1 row created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> select * from t_new; ID TIME SQL> |
(4).修改表结构，及注释
- 添加列
| Connected to Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 |
- 修改列默认值
| SQL> alter table ttt modify age default 24; #-----------varchar(30)是长度为30的变长字符串 #-----------varchar(30 CHAR)是长度为30bit的变长字符串 |
- 修改列长度
| SQL> alter table ttt modify email varchar(31 char); |
- 删除字段
| SQL> alter table ttt drop column email; |
- 表重命名
| SQL> alter table emp rename to emp1; |
- 建主键
| SQL> alter table emp add primary key(empno); |
- 注释
| SQL> create table emp as select * from scott.emp; ------------------------------------------ SQL> desc emp #-----------------------sql查询----------------------- ----(1)所有用户(表注释) select * from all_tab_comments where lower(table_name)='emp' and owner='U1';  ------------(列注释) select * from all_col_comments where lower(table_name)='emp' and owner='U1'；  -----(2)当前用户(表注释) select * from user_tab_comments where lower(table_name)='emp';  ------------(列注释) select * from user_col_comments where lower(table_name)='emp';  |
- truncate默认提交事务
| SQL> create table emp as select * from scott.emp; SQL> select count(*) from emp; |
- 闪回
| SQL>insert into emp select * from SCOTT.emp where 1=1; #--------------回收站查询 SQL> select object_name,ORIGINAL_NAME from recyclebin; SQL> flashback table emp to before drop; ---------------------------回收站结构------------------------- SQL> desc recyclebin; SQL> select count(*) from emp; #------------truncate清除表数据，不清除表结构，自动提交事务(DDL),不可以使用recyclebin恢复数据 #------------drop同时清除表数据和结构，自动提交事务(DDL),可以使用recyclebin恢复数据 #-------------表彻底删除，不进入recyclebin SQL> drop table emp purge; |
9.public databse link
#-------------------192.168.5.130上有orcl和test数据库
#--------------in orcl
#--------------1.建立public database link
[oracle@h1 dbs]$ export ORACLE_SID=orcl
[oracle@h1 dbs]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
orcl
SQL> create public database link conn_test connect to system identified by manager using 'test';
Database link created.
SQL>
#--------------2.删除public database link
SQL> drop public database link conn_test ;
Database link dropped.
#--------------3.查看public database link视图
-------------------------------------in test-------------------
SQL> create public database link conn_orcl connect to system identified by manager using 'orcl';
Database link created.
SQL> select owner, db_link from dba_db_links;
#--------------4.使用public database link
-------------------------------------in orcl-------------------
SQL> create table emp as select * from scott.emp;
Table created
-------------------------------------in test-------------------
SQL> select * from emp@conn_orcl;
-------------------------------------in orcl-------------------
SQL> create public database link conn_test connect to u01 identified by abc
3 using 'test'
4 ;
Database link created
SQL> select owner, db_link from dba_db_links;
-------------------------------------in test-------------------
#----------------在远程数据库中只能使用DML(insert,update,delete),不能使用DDL(create,drop,alter)
SQL> insert into emp@conn_orcl(empno,ename) values(17,'TOM');
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select count(*) from emp@conn_orcl;
COUNT(*)
----------
15
----------------------in orcl
SQL> create user u01 identified by abc;
User created
SQL> grant dba to u01;
Grant succeeded
#-----------------------------in orcl namespace是orcl_130
SQL> conn u01/abc@orcl_130
Connected to Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0
Connected as u01@orcl_130
#-----------------------------在test上建立分区表
SQL> create table t_new(id int,time date) partition by range(time)
2 (partition p1 values less than (to_date('2004-7-1','yyyy-mm-dd')),
3 partition p2 values less than (to_date('2005-7-1','yyyy-mm-dd')),
4 partition p3 values less than (to_date('2006-7-1','yyyy-mm-dd')),
5 partition p4 values less than (maxvalue));
Table created
#-----------------------------在orcl远程修改test
SQL> insert into t_new@conn_test values (1,to_date('2003-01-01','yyyy_mm_dd'));
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
#-------------------------------------------
SQL> select * from t_new@conn_test;
ID TIME
--------------------------------------- -----------
1 2003/1/1
#--------------------------------------------
SQL> delete from t_new@conn_test;
1 row deleted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from t_new@conn_test;
ID TIME
--------------------------------------- -----------
SQL>