Linux 系统内核参数优化
1、单一进程同时可打开文件数量的限制
vi /etc/security/limits.conf
* soft nofile 65536
* hard nofile 65536
用户退出，重新登录
ulimit -n 查看结果
2、内核参数sysctl.conf的优化
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
CentOS5.x系列内核修改方案 .
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
#kernel.shmmax一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
#kernel.shmall一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648 以上两项数值如果填写大于本身物理内存则会不生效。超过本身内存启动php会报错
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 6000
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144
net.core.somaxconn = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535
CentOS6系列内核优化：
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
#kernel.shmmax一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
#kernel.shmall一般建议使用物理内存的一半以4G内存为例：4096/2*1024*1024=2147483648 以上两项数值如果填写大于本身物理内存则会不生效。超过本身内存启动php会报错
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 6000
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144
net.core.somaxconn = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535
立即生效
/sbin/sysctl -p
3、防御SYN_RECV
查看连接状态
netstat -nat | awk '/^tcp/{++S[$NF]}END{for (a in S) print a,S[a]}'
防御措施
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2
/sbin/sysctl -p
4、大量TIME_WAIT状态的连接处理
方法一（web容器、mysql适用）
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
方法二
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000
说明：
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1 表示开启SYN Cookies。当出现SYN等待队列溢出时，启用cookies来处理，可防范少量SYN攻击，默认为0，表示关闭；
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1 表示开启重用。允许将TIME-WAIT sockets重新用于新的TCP连接，默认为0，表示关闭；
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1 表示开启TCP连接中TIME-WAIT sockets的快速回收，默认为0，表示关闭。
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30 表示如果套接字由本端要求关闭，这个参数决定了它保持在FIN-WAIT-2状态的时间。
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200 表示当keepalive起用的时候，TCP发送keepalive消息的频度。缺省是2小时，改为20分钟。
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000 表示用于向外连接的端口范围。缺省情况下很小：32768到61000，改为1024到65000。
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192 表示SYN队列的长度，默认为1024，加大队列长度为8192，可以容纳更多等待连接的网络连接数。
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000 表示系统同时保持TIME_WAIT套接字的最大数量，如果超过这个数字，TIME_WAIT套接字将立刻被清除并打印警告信息。默认为180000，改为5000。对于Apache、Nginx等服务器，上几行的参数可以很好地减少TIME_WAIT套接字数量，但是对于Squid，效果却不大。此项参数可以控制TIME_WAIT套接字的最大数量，避免Squid服务器被大量的TIME_WAIT套接字拖死。