linux学习命令总结⑩②
#fdisk命令：磁盘分区工具
fdisk �Cl：查看机器所挂硬盘个数及分区情况
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/xvda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x70068116 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvda1 * 1 1044 8385898+ 83 Linux Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/xvdc: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000
针对某一个挂载设别查看：
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fdisk -l /dev/xvda Disk /dev/xvda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes #该设备空间80G 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders #255个磁头；63个扇区；1044个柱面 Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes #每个柱面的大小约为8.225280M Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x70068116 Device#分区序列 Boot#引导 Start#开始柱面 End#结束柱面 Blocks#容量 Id#分区类型ID System#分区类型 /dev/xvda1 * 1 1044 8385898+ 83 Linux
通过fdisk分区工具，对指定挂载设备进行操作：
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xcc40c7dc. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): #这里输入m或者help进入帮助界面
进入到此界面我们可以输入m或者help来获取使用帮助
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition #输入d删除分区 l list known partition types #输入l列出内核支持的分区类型ID m print this menu n add a new partition #输入n新建分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table #输入p列出当前分区信息 q quit without saving changes #输入q不保存退出 s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id #输入t调整分区类型ID u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit #输入w保存退出 x extra functionality (experts only)
创建一个主分区
Command (m for help): p #列出当前分区信息 Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd0807ba8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System #当前无分区 Command (m for help): n #新建分区 Command action e extended #扩展分区（无法格式化） p primary partition (1-4) #主分区（最多四个） p #选择创建主分区 Partition number (1-4): 1 #创建第一个主分区 First cylinder (1-1305, default 1): #起始柱面（始终由1开始） Using default value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1305, default 1305): 200 #结束柱面（每个柱面大小约8.22M，再乘以起始柱面到结束柱面的个数就等于该分区的大小；也可以自定大小如输入+1000M/+1G） Command (m for help): p #列出当前分区信息 Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd0807ba8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux
创建一个扩展分区
Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (201-1305, default 201): Using default value 201 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (201-1305, default 1305): +3G Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd0807ba8 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux /dev/xvdb2 201 593 3156772+ 5 Extended
创建一个逻辑分区
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x5855c29e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux /dev/xvdb2 201 593 3156772+ 5 Extended Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) #逻辑分区 p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (201-593, default 201): Using default value 201 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (201-593, default 593): +1G #输入大小不可超过扩展分区的总容量 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x5855c29e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux /dev/xvdb2 201 593 3156772+ 5 Extended /dev/xvdb5 201 332 1060258+ 83 Linux
调整指定分区的分区类型
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcd0ac78c Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 83 Linux /dev/xvdb2 201 593 3156772+ 5 Extended Command (m for help): l #列出内核内支持的分区类型ID 0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt 9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 Command (m for help): t #调整分区类型 Partition number (1-5): 1 #输入要调整的分区序列 Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e #选择分区类型ID Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM) Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcd0ac78c Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 8e Linux LVM /dev/xvdb2 201 593 3156772+ 5 Extended
删除指定分区
Command (m for help): d #删除分区 Partition number (1-5): 2 #输入要删除的分区序列 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcd0ac78c Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 200 1606468+ 8e Linux LVM Command (m for help):
分区完成后查看目前目前机器磁盘分区情况
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 202 0 8388608 xvda 202 1 8385898 xvda1 202 16 10485760 xvdb 202 17 1606468 xvdb1 202 18 1 xvdb2 202 21 1060258 xvdb5 202 32 2097152 xvdc
#mke2fs命令：格式化（配置文件：/etc/mke2fs.conf）
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs /dev/xvdb1 #把该设备格式化成ext2文件系统 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= #卷标名称 OS type: Linux #操作系统类型 Block size=4096 (log=2) #块大小 Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe style="color: #000000"> blocks 100464 inodes, 401617 blocks 20080 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user #预留管理员空间的百分比，默认百分5% First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=415236096 13 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7728 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Writing inode tables: done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
#blkid命令：查看设备属性，UUID和TYPE
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# blkid /dev/xvdb1
/dev/xvdb1: UUID="8f74e3ce-552f-4d1f-a88f-2c7ef02b25cc" TYPE="ext2"
mke2fs �Ct 指定文件系统类型，如ext2，ext3，ext4
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/xvdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe style="color: #000000"> blocks 100464 inodes, 401617 blocks 20080 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=415236096 13 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 7728 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 36 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# blkid /dev/xvdb1
/dev/xvdb1: UUID="84af93e0-0047-4ad4-9982-31bddda925c1" TYPE="ext4"
mke2fs �CL 设置文件系统卷标
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L wanghan /dev/xvdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label=wanghan
mke2fs �Cb 指定块大小，如1024、2048、4096单位字节
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L wanghan -b 2048 /dev/xvdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) warning: 418 blocks unused. Filesystem label=wanghan OS type: Linux Block size=2048 (log=1) Fragment size=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe style="color: #000000"> blocks 100744 inodes, 802816 blocks 40161 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488 49 block groups #调整了块大小，块组数量随之变化 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2056 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 25 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
mke2fs �Cm 设置预留管理员的空间百分比
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -L wanghan -b 2048 -m 3 /dev/xvdb1 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) warning: 418 blocks unused. Filesystem label=wanghan OS type: Linux Block size=2048 (log=1) Fragment size=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe style="color: #000000"> blocks 100744 inodes, 802816 blocks 24097 blocks (3.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488 49 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2056 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
#e2label 查看卷标
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1
wanghan
更改卷标
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1 test [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1 test
#dumpe2fs命令：显示当前的磁盘状态 （dumpe2fs �Ch 仅查看超级快中保存的信息）
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# dumpe2fs /dev/xvdb1 dumpe2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem volume name: test Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: f071494a-55da-4fe1-a93e-6627d69f085f Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 100744 Block count: 802816 Reserved block count: 24097 Free blocks: 769619 Free inodes: 100733 First block: 0 Block size: 2048 Fragment size: 2048 Reserved GDT blocks: 512 Blocks per group: 16384 Fragments per group: 16384 Inodes per group: 2056 Inode blocks per group: 257 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Thu Aug 21 17:05:26 2014 Last mount time: n/a Last write time: Thu Aug 21 17:15:55 2014 Mount count: 0 Maximum mount count: 35 Last checked: Thu Aug 21 17:05:26 2014 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Tue Feb 17 17:05:26 2015 Lifetime writes: 58 MB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: da63c13e-d2d3-450b-ba50-5bc62847a2cc Journal backup: inode blocks Journal features: (none) Journal size: 32M Journal length: 16384 Journal sequence: 0x00000001 Journal start: 0 Group 0: (Blocks 0-16383) [ITABLE_ZEROED] Checksum 0xbddb, unused inodes 2045 Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1 Reserved GDT blocks at 2-513 Block bitmap at 514 (+514), Inode bitmap at 530 (+530) Inode table at 546-802 (+546) 11716 free blocks, 2045 free inodes, 2 directories, 2045 unused inodes Free blocks: 4668-16383 Free inodes: 12-2056后面省略
#tune2fs命令：调整查看文件系统参数
tune2fs �Cl 查看超级块中的信息；与dumpe2fs �Ch 命令一样
tune2fs �CL 更改卷标
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1 test [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# tune2fs -L wanghan /dev/xvdb1 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# e2label /dev/xvdb1 wanghan
tune2fs �Cm 更改预留管理员的空间百分比
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# tune2fs -m 6 /dev/xvdb1 tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Setting reserved blocks percentage to 6% (48168 blocks)
#fsck命令：磁盘修复
fsck �Ca 自动修复错误
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fsck -a /dev/xvda1 fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 /dev/xvda1 is mounted. WARNING!!! The filesystem is mounted. If you continue you ***WILL*** cause ***SEVERE*** filesystem damage. Do you really want to continue (y/n)? yes /dev/xvda1 contains a file system with errors, check forced. /dev/xvda1: Inode 273382, i_blocks is 3104, should be 3096. FIXED. /dev/xvda1: Inode 273383 has illegal block(s). /dev/xvda1: UNEXPECTED INCONSISTENCY; RUN fsck MANUALLY. (i.e., without -a or -p options)
fsck �Cr 交互式修复错误
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fsck -r /dev/xvda1 fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) /dev/xvda1 is mounted. WARNING!!! The filesystem is mounted. If you continue you ***WILL*** cause ***SEVERE*** filesystem damage. Do you really want to continue (y/n)? yes /dev/xvda1 contains a file system with errors, check forced. Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Inode 273382, i_blocks is 3104, should be 3096. Fix<y>? yes Inode 273383 has illegal block(s). Clear<y>? yes Illegal block #12 (2553887680) in inode 273383. CLEARED. Illegal block #13 (16777216) in inode 273383. CLEARED. Illegal block #14 (1601307648) in inode 273383. CLEARED. Illegal block #15 (1887441664) in inode 273383. CLEARED. Illegal block #21 (41950464) in inode 273383. CLEARED. Illegal block #22 (167772160) in inode 273383. CLEARED. Inode 273383, i_blocks is 8192, should be 104. Fix<y>? yes Inode 273350 has illegal block(s). Clear<y>? yes#后面省略
e2fsck �Cf 强制检测
e2fsck �Cy 对问题自动回答为YES
#mount命令：挂载命令
mount [options] [-t fstype] [�Co options] 设备 挂在点
[options]：命令选项
[-o options]：挂在时启用分区特性
显示当前系统所有已挂载设备信息：
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
挂载分区：
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# mount /dev/xvdb1 /tmp/wanghan [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# mount /dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/xvdb1 on /tmp/wanghan type ext4 (rw)
mount �Ca 自动挂载所有支持自动挂载的设备（/etc/fstab文件中）
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# cat /etc/fstab /dev/xvda1 / ext3 noatime,acl,user_xattr 1 1 LABEL=lswap swap swap defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs noauto 0 0 debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs noauto 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts mode=0620,gid=5 0 0 /dev/xvdb1 /tmp/wanghan ext4 defaults 0 0 [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount -a [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/xvdb1 on /tmp/wanghan type ext4 (rw)
umount命令：卸载文件系统
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw) /dev/xvdb1 on /tmp/wanghan type ext4 (rw) [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# umount /dev/xvdb1 #也可以输入挂载点进行指定卸载 [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvda1 on / type ext3 (rw,noatime,acl,user_xattr) proc on /proc type proc (rw) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,mode=0620,gid=5) none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
开机自动挂载：
将需要挂载文件系统写入/etc/fstab文件系统挂载表中
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# vim /etc/fstab /dev/xvda1 / ext3 noatime,acl,user_xattr 1 1 LABEL=lswap swap swap defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs noauto 0 0 debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs noauto 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts mode=0620,gid=5 0 0 /dev/xvdb1 /tmp/wanghan ext4 defaults 0 0#要挂载的设备 #挂载点，swap挂载点为swap #文件系统类型 #挂载选项 #是否备份（0：从不备份；1每日备份） #自检次序（0：不自检
1或者2为要自检，如果是根分区要设为1，
其他分区只能是2）
#fuser命令：查询给定文件或目录的用户或进程信息
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser /tmp/wanghan
/tmp/wanghan: 26452c
fuser �Cv 显示更详细信息
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -v /tmp/wanghan
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/tmp/wanghan: wanghan 26452 ..c.. bash
fuser �Ckm 关闭占用进程
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -v /tmp/wanghan USER PID ACCESS COMMAND /tmp/wanghan: wanghan 26452 ..c.. bash [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -km /tmp/wanghan /tmp/wanghan: 26452c [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# fuser -v /tmp/wanghan
#df命令：显示磁盘空间的使用信息
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 8254240 1216828 6618120 16% / [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# mount /dev/xvdb1 /tmp/wanghan [root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda1 8254240 1216832 6618116 16% / /dev/xvdb1 2071384 68632 1897528 4% /tmp/wanghan
df �Ch 方便阅读方式显示
[root@VM_168_102_centos ~]# df -h /dev/xvdb1 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvdb1 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /tmp/wanghan
df �Ci 显示inode信息
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/xvda1 512K 33K 480K 7% /
/dev/xvdb1 129K 11 129K 1% /tmp/wanghan
#du命令：显示每个文件和目录的磁盘使用空间
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du #显示当前所在目录的每个文件的磁盘使用空间 16 ./wanghan/lost+found 20 ./wanghan 4 ./.ICE-unix 32 . #总计
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du /tmp #指定查看 16 /tmp/wanghan/lost+found 20 /tmp/wanghan 4 /tmp/.ICE-unix 32 /tmp
du �Ch：方便阅读方式显示
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du -h 16K ./wanghan/lost+found 20K ./wanghan 4.0K ./.ICE-unix 32K .
du -s：显示总计，仅列出最后相加的总值
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# du -s -h
32K .
#查看内存空间使用状态
查看 /proc/meminfo文件
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 1018532 kB MemFree: 785884 kB Buffers: 43724 kB Cached: 116488 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 67776 kB Inactive: 107592 kB Active(anon): 15268 kB Inactive(anon): 2604 kB Active(file): 52508 kB Inactive(file): 104988 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB SwapTotal: 0 kB SwapFree: 0 kB Dirty: 120 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 15160 kB Mapped: 12424 kB Shmem: 2728 kB Slab: 41732 kB SReclaimable: 21500 kB SUnreclaim: 20232 kB KernelStack: 656 kB PageTables: 1664 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 509264 kB Committed_AS: 86312 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 7212 kB VmallocChunk: 34359729020 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB DirectMap4k: 6144 kB DirectMap2M: 1042432 kB
#free命令：监控 Linux 内存使用状况
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 1018532 235012 783520 0 44368 116564 -/+ buffers/cache: 74080 944452 Swap: 2097144 0 2097144
free �Cm 显示结果以MB为单位
free �Cg 显示结果以GB为单位
#dd命令：把指定的输入文件拷贝到指定的输出文件中，并且在拷贝的过程中可以进行格式转换
dd if=input_file of=output_file bs=#[b|k|m|g] count=#
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/tmp/test.sh of=/tmp/ceshi.sh 0+1 records in 0+1 records out 153 bytes (153 B) copied, 3.3824e-05 s, 4.5 MB/s [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# cat ceshi.sh sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssdsdsdsdsdsdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbccccccccccccccccccccccccbbbbbbb [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# cat test.sh sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssdsdsdsdsdsdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbccccccccccccccccccccccccbbbbbbb
备份MBR并进行恢复
[root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# fdisk -l /dev/xvdb Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd30f2acf Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux /dev/xvdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended /dev/xvdb5 263 655 3156741 83 Linux /dev/xvdb6 656 787 1060258+ 83 Linux [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/dev/xvdb of=/tmp/xvdb bs=512 count=1 #将512Byte大小的MBR备份到/tmp/xvdb 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.00227598 s, 225 kB/s [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/xvdb bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000697809 s, 734 kB/s [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# fdisk -l /dev/xvdb Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# dd if=/tmp/xvdb of=/dev/xvdb #将备份到/tmp/xvdb的MBR信息重新写入
1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.000623246 s, 822 kB/s [root@VM_168_102_centos tmp]# fdisk -l /dev/xvdb Disk /dev/xvdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd30f2acf Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/xvdb1 1 262 2104483+ 83 Linux /dev/xvdb2 263 916 5253255 5 Extended /dev/xvdb5 263 655 3156741 83 Linux /dev/xvdb6 656 787 1060258+ 83 Linux