Oracle基础笔记十四

第十四章 高级子查询


1.子查询

子查询 (内查询) 在主查询执行之前执行

主查询(外查询)使用子查询的结果


SELECT select_list

FROM table

WHERE expr operator (SELECT select_list

        FROM  table);


问题:查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息

SELECT last_name

FROM   employees

WHERE  salary > 

                (SELECT salary

                 FROM   employees

                 WHERE  employee_id = 149) ;


一、多列子查询

列比较: 成对比较和不成对比较

成对比较举例:

问题:查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id, manager_id, department_id  

SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id

FROM employees

WHERE  (manager_id, department_id) IN

                      (SELECT manager_id, department_id

                       FROM   employees

                       WHERE  employee_id IN (141,174))

AND employee_id NOT IN (141,174);


不成对比较举例:

SELECT  employee_id, manager_id, department_id

FROM    employees

WHERE   manager_id IN            

(SELECT  manager_id

                    FROM    employees

                    WHERE   employee_id IN (174,141))

AND     department_id IN       

(SELECT  department_id

                    FROM    employees

                    WHERE   employee_id IN (174,141))

AND employee_id NOT IN(174,141);


二、在 FROM 子句中使用子查询

问题:返回比本部门平均工资高的员工的last_name, department_id, salary及平均工资

法一:

select last_name,department_id,salary,

(select avg(salary)from employees e3 

where e1.department_id = e3.department_id 

group by department_id) avg_salary

from employees e1

where salary > 

         (select avg(salary)

          from employees e2  

          where e1.department_id = e2.department_id

          group by department_id

          )


法二:

SELECT  a.last_name, a.salary, 

        a.department_id, b.salavg

FROM    employees a, (SELECT   department_id, 

                      AVG(salary) salavg

                      FROM     employees

                      GROUP BY department_id) b

WHERE   a.department_id = b.department_id

AND     a.salary > b.salavg;


三、单列子查询表达式

单列子查询表达式是在一行中只返回一列的子查询

Oracle8i 只在下列情况下可以使用, 例如:

SELECT 语句 (FROM 和 WHERE 子句)

INSERT 语句中的VALUES列表中

Oracle9i中单列子查询表达式可在下列情况下使用:

DECODE  和 CASE

SELECT 中除 GROUP BY 子句以外的所有子句中


单列子查询应用举例

在 CASE 表达式中使用单列子查询

问题:显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中,若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同,

           则location为’Canada’,其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id, last_name,

       (CASE

        WHEN department_id =

            (SELECT department_id FROM departments

WHERE location_id = 1800)

THEN 'Canada' ELSE 'USA' END) location

FROM   employees;


在 ORDER BY 子句中使用单列子查询

问题:查询员工的employee_id,last_name,要求按照员工的department_name排序

SELECT   employee_id, last_name

FROM     employees e

ORDER BY (SELECT department_name

  FROM departments d

  WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id);


四、相关子查询

相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行,主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询

 SELECT column1, column2, ...

 FROM   table1  outer

 WHERE  column1 operator 

 (SELECT  colum1, column2

                       FROM    table2

                       WHERE   expr1 = outer.expr2);


问题:查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

SELECT last_name, salary, department_id

FROM   employees outer

WHERE  salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)

  FROM   employees

WHERE  department_id =  

        outer.department_id) ;


问题:若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT e.employee_id, last_name,e.job_id

FROM   employees e 

WHERE  2 <= (SELECT COUNT(*)

             FROM   job_history 

             WHERE  employee_id = e.employee_id);


五、EXISTS 操作符

EXISTS 操作符检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行

如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行:

不在子查询中继续查找

条件返回 TRUE

如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行:

条件返回 FALSE

继续在子查询中查找


问题:查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息

SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id

FROM   employees outer

WHERE  EXISTS ( SELECT 'X'

                 FROM   employees

                 WHERE  manager_id = 

                        outer.employee_id);


问题:查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

SELECT department_id, department_name

FROM departments d

WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 'X'

                  FROM   employees

                  WHERE  department_id 

                         = d.department_id);


六、1.相关更新:使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据更新另一个表的数据

UPDATE table1 alias1

SET    column = (SELECT expression

                 FROM   table2 alias2

                 WHERE  alias1.column =    

                        alias2.column);


举例:

ALTER TABLE employees

ADD(department_name VARCHAR2(14));


UPDATE employees e

SET    department_name = 

              (SELECT department_name 

      FROM   departments d

      WHERE  e.department_id = d.department_id);


2.相关删除:使用相关子查询依据一个表中的数据删除另一个表的数据

问题:删除表employees中,其与emp_history表皆有的数据

DELETE FROM employees E

WHERE employee_id =  

           (SELECT employee_id

            FROM   emp_history 

            WHERE  employee_id = E.employee_id);


七、WITH 子句

使用 WITH 子句, 可以避免在 SELECT 语句中重复书写相同的语句块

WITH 子句将该子句中的语句块执行一次并存储到用户的临时表空间中

使用 WITH 子句可以提高查询效率


问题:查询公司中各部门的总工资大于公司中各部门的平均总工资的部门信息

WITH dept_costs  AS (

   SELECT  d.department_name, SUM(e.salary) AS dept_total

   FROM    employees e, departments d

   WHERE   e.department_id = d.department_id

   GROUP BY d.department_name),

avg_cost    AS (

   SELECT SUM(dept_total)/COUNT(*) AS dept_avg

   FROM   dept_costs)

SELECT * 

FROM   dept_costs 

WHERE  dept_total >

        (SELECT dept_avg 

         FROM avg_cost)

ORDER BY department_name;




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