yum命令及配置yun源
一、yum命令
二、yum源配置文件
三、将光驱配置为yum源
四、其他
一、yum命令
1.安装
yum install package_name #用yum安装程序，可一次安装多个，彼此间用空格隔开
yum reinstall package_name #重新安装程序，类似的有rpm -ivh packages_name --replacepkgs
yum groupinstall group_name #用yum安装包组，可一次安装多个，彼此间用空格隔开
CentOS 6中，yum可以用来安装本地rpm包，yum install �Cy /path/to/package_name，安装的同时利用yum的特性可以解决依赖关系
CentOS 5中，本地安装rpm包需要使用yum localinstall
关于包组的安装，在生产环境中会要求安装开发环境
RHEL6，CentOS6："Development tools" "Server Platform Development" "Desktop Platform Development"
RHEL5，CentOS5："Development tools" "Development Libraries"
[root@IPOSSERVER ~]# yum groupinstall -y "Development tools" "Server Platform Development" "Desktop Platform Development"
2.升级、降级
yum update package_name #升级
yum update-to #指定升级到的版本
yum groupupdate group_name #升级
yum downgrade package_name #降级
yum check-update #检查是否有可以升级的程序
3.卸载
yum remove package_name #卸载程序
yum groupremove group_name #卸载包组
4.显示yum源信息
yum repolist enabled #显示启用的yum源信息
yum repolist disabled #显示禁用的yum源信息
yum repolist all #显示所有yum源信息
C6.3-updates CentOS-6.3 - Updates disabled #禁用的yum源 base CentOS-6 - Base enabled: 6,518 #启用的yum源 c6-media CentOS-6 - Media disabled
5.显示yum源中的程序包、包组的信息
yum list #查看yum源中的包，支持globbing
yum grouplist #查看yum源中的包组
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yum list available #显示未安装的包
yum list extras #不是通过yum源安装的、无法识别来源的且已安装的包
yum list obsoletes #废弃的包
yum list recent #刚添加进yum源的包
yum list updates #可更新的包
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yum list installed #显示已安装的包
[root@TESTHOST ~]# yum list install bas* #globbing Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn Installed Packages #已安装 basesystem.noarch 10.0-4.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 bash.x86_64 4.1.2-15.el6_4 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 Available Packages #未安装 bash.x86_64 4.1.2-29.el6 base bash-doc.x86_64 4.1.2-29.el6 base
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yum list all #获取yum源所有rpm包信息
ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @base #表示已经安装，@后的信息为程序安装基于的yum源 ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @base MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64/6.5 #表示已经安装 389-ds-base-libs.x86_64 1.2.11.15-48.el6_6 updates #表示未安装，可升级 ConsoleKit-devel.i686 0.4.1-3.el6 base #表示未安装，可以安装
6.显示yum源中程序包、包组的摘要
yum info package_name #类似rpm �Cqi，yum源中程序的摘要信息
yum groupinfo group_name #显示yum源中包组的摘要
[root@TESTHOST ~]# yum info bash Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn Installed Packages #已安装的 Name : bash Arch : x86_64 Version : 4.1.2 Release : 15.el6_4 Size : 3.0 M Repo : installed From repo : anaconda-CentOS-201311272149.x86_64 Summary : The GNU Bourne Again shell URL : http://www.gnu.org/software/bash License : GPLv3+ Description : The GNU Bourne Again shell (Bash) is a shell or command language : interpreter that is compatible with the Bourne shell (sh). Bash : incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and the C shell : (csh). Most sh scripts can be run by bash without modification. Available Packages #未安装的 Name : bash Arch : x86_64 Version : 4.1.2 Release : 29.el6 Size : 907 k Repo : base Summary : The GNU Bourne Again shell URL : http://www.gnu.org/software/bash License : GPLv3+ Description : The GNU Bourne Again shell (Bash) is a shell or command language : interpreter that is compatible with the Bourne shell (sh). Bash : incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and the C shell : (csh). Most sh scripts can be run by bash without modification.
7.查看程序是由yum源中哪个包安装的
yum provides | yum whatprovides #类似的有rpm �Cqf /path/to/some_file
[root@TESTHOST ~]# yum provides /bin/bash Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.skyshe.cn * extras: mirrors.skyshe.cn * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn bash-4.1.2-29.el6.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /bin/bash bash-4.1.2-15.el6_4.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell Repo : installed #显示已安装 Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /bin/bash
8.清理
yum clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]
packages：本地缓存包
metadata：本地源数据
expire-cache：过期的数据
rpmdb：yum管理的rpm数据库
plugins：缓存
all：所有
手动在本地生成缓存
yum makecache
9.在yum源中模糊搜索含有关键字的程序
yum search：支持globbing
[root@TESTHOST ~]# yum search bash Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.skyshe.cn * extras: mirrors.skyshe.cn * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn =================================== N/S Matched: bash ==================================== bash-doc.x86_64 : Documentation files for bash bash.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
10.查看yum操作历史
yum history
[root@IPOSSERVER ~]# yum history Loaded plugins: fastestmirror ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 | root <root> | 2015-04-23 00:28 | Install | 1 10 | root <root> | 2015-04-22 10:50 | I, U | 231 9 | root <root> | 2015-01-27 11:49 | Install | 2 8 | root <root> | 2015-01-27 11:26 | Install | 1 7 | root <root> | 2013-10-30 15:14 | Install | 2 6 | root <root> | 2013-10-30 15:11 | Erase | 2 5 | root <root> | 2013-10-29 18:17 | I, U | 89 4 | root <root> | 2013-10-29 18:08 | Install | 1 < 3 | root <root> | 2013-10-29 18:04 | Install | 1 > 2 | root <root> | 2013-10-29 18:00 | Install | 44 1 | System <unset> | 2013-10-29 17:08 | Install | 210 history list
二、yum源配置文件
yum源核心配置文件：/etc/yum.conf
[main] cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever #定义缓存目录 keepcache=0 #rpm包是否需要长久保存 debuglevel=2 #调试级别，级别越高，信息越详细 logfile=/var/log/yum.log #定义日志文件路径 exactarch=1 #是否与本地平台精确匹配，0表示“否” obsoletes=1 # gpgcheck=1 #来源合法性检测，0表示“否” plugins=1 # installonly_limit=5 # bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=16&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum distroverpkg=centos-release
或者在目录/etc/yum.repos.d/中创建*.repo文件，每一个*.repo文件都相当于/etc/yum.conf的组成部分
[root@TESTHOST ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS6.repo
[sohu] name=CentOS 6.5 x86_64 baseurl=http://・・・・・・ enabled=1 #是否启用，1为启用，0为不启用 gpgcheck=0 #0为不检测来源合法性 #gpgkey=http://mirrors.sohu.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 #指定验证源来源合法性的key文件 cost=100 #当启用多个yum源时，cost值越小，使用yum安装程序时则优先从cost值小的源下载安装 [epel] name=Fedora EPEL baseurl=http:// enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 cost=200
baseurl链接中的变量
例如：baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
$releasever #取得版本号，CentOS6时变量为6，6是指向该版本的最新发行版yum路径，例如更新到6.5时，6指向6.5的yum源
This is replaced with the package's version, as listed in distroverpkg. This defaults to the version of the redhat-release package.
$arch
This is replaced with your system's architecture, as listed by os.uname() in Python.
$basearch #取得系统平台版本
This is replaced with your base architecture. For example, if $arch=i686 then $basearch=i386.
$YUM0-9
This is replaced with the value of the shell environment variable of the same name. If the shell environment variable does not exist, then the configuration file variable will not be replaced.
三、将光驱配置为yum源
[root@TESTHOST ~]# mkdir /media/cdrom #创建一个目录方便挂载光驱 [root@TESTHOST ~]# lsblk #获取块设备名，光驱为sr0 NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 4.9G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 2G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 2G 0 part /usr sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom [root@TESTHOST ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom/ #将sr0挂载到/media/cdrom下 mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@TESTHOST ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/cdrom.repo #编辑yum源配置文件 ---------------------------------- [cdrom] name=CentOS 6 x86_64 baseurl=file:///media/cdrom/ #本地文件路径 enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 ---------------------------------- #保存退出vim [root@TESTHOST ~]# yum clean all #清楚本地yum所有缓存 [root@TESTHOST ~]# yum makecache #手动生成缓存 ・・・・・・ #显示过程省略 [root@TESTHOST ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn * updates: mirror01.idc.hinet.net repo id repo name status base CentOS-6 - Base 6,518 cdrom CentOS 6 x86_64 6,346 #添加成功！ extras CentOS-6 - Extras 37 updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,027 repolist: 13,928
注：如果自建本地yum源，则需要使用createrepo命令创建repodata，然后参照上述方法即可
[root@TESTHOST ~]# createrepo /localyum/ #指向rpm包所在的文件夹路径即可，命令执行成功后，会在目录下生成repodata文件夹
repodata文件夹
[root@TESTHOST ~]# ls /localyum/repodata/ 018dd5e8db1fe55ccd4fd96d3b1daaa5782b34d254cc7766a0eb9d1ac7e1be0d-primary.sqlite.bz2 #各rpm包的依赖关系 0dae8d32824acd9dbdf7ed72f628152dd00b85e4bd802e6b46e4d7b78c1042a3-c6-x86_64-comps.xml 30154de288eb7b171a2b176fa0a3a27e4bb6d86bc85bbb9f7222731e061cdbe0-other.xml.gz #rpm的改变日志 5543021d0abe9b87103b25a5107ca4881a1c7e889aba73a6744ee1d02990b06a-c6-x86_64-comps.xml.gz 5d39cc05a54a2306e5b42bc9d09b41c64ac9b1df71fcfffc9006d3f39a1c82d6-filelists.sqlite.bz2 #所有rpm包的文件列表 7ae992116f3faf2ea94dd136eb1a3a16e287a8ddd0f17f8f6d2b123ca81e93b9-c6-x86_64-comps.xml.gz 7ce6c7ad226d8fe6fdcd707299e05780e0e2b53d6c5b501d0202c8250543c3b9-other.sqlite.bz2 #rpm的改变日志 91ab3d63ada0012acb696d7ac13374bc9f8874cb259054d6fddca99cd154a429-filelists.xml.gz #所有rpm包的文件列表 974e3eb45ed520d2538c232807b90b605ceeea27a29a832a60119a45447d6d69-primary.xml.gz #各rpm包的依赖关系 repomd.xml #保留以上文件时间戳，yum运行时用本地/var/cache/yum/中缓存文件对比此文件，如有不同，则更新本地缓存
四、其他
1.lftp
lftp+IP：登录ftp服务器
查看服务器文件：ls
查看处于服务器目录：pwd
切换服务器所在目录：cd
下载文件命令：get FILENAME
下载多个文件：mget
下载目录命令：mirror DIRNAME/
退出lftp：bye
下载的文件在进入lftp时的目录，例如在处在root目录时，登录lftp，则下载的文件存放在root目录下
执行bash命令，加符号!，例如!ls，!pwd