23. 文件系统――使用yum安装软件包
一、yum命令的基本安装功能
[root@localhost ~]# man yum
command is one of:
* install package1 [package2] [...]： install + 包名
yum -y: 安装时自动回答为yes
* reinstall package1 [package2] [...]： 重新安装
*** 补充rmp命令：rpm -ql + 包名 ： 查询包安装生成的文件清单
rpm -qf + /path/to/file_name: 查询某文件是由哪个软件包生成的
* provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] [...]
使用yum来查询软件包生成哪些文件，以及文件是由哪个软件包生成的。
* update [package1] [package2] [...]： 升级版本，可加多个包
* update-to [package1] [package2] [...]： 指定升级到哪个版本
* downgrade package1 [package2] [...] ： 降级
* check-update： 安装前检查有哪些可以升级的软件包
* upgrade [package1] [package2] [...]
* upgrade-to [package1] [package2] [...]
这两个命令已经被update取代了
* remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]
清除软件包：使用yum来清除包会同时清除它被依赖的包
* search string1 [string2] [...] ： 只记得部分字符，可以进行模糊查询
* groupinstall group1 [group2] [...] ：组安装：
1） 针对RHEL 6：
Development tools + Server Platform Development + Desktop Platform Development
2） 针对RHEL 5：
Development tools + development libraries
安装了这些这些组之后，就可以编译rpm包了，即将源码制作成二进制格式包
* groupupdate group1 [group2] [...] 升级组
* groupremove group1 [group2] [...] 移除组
* localinstall yum除了可以自动安装外，也可以将软件包下载到本地，然后手动安装
1）RHEL 6：
统一使用yum install 来安装即可
2）RHEL 5：
需要使用yum localinstall 来安装，同样手动升级可以使用yum localupdate，RHEL6处于兼容性需求，也支持这样的用法。
yum安装软件包最大的优势在于可以自动解决依赖关系
-- nogpgcheck ：
对比rpm包，yum即使使用了localinstall，也会检查软件包的来源合法性，如果密钥无法匹配，则下载到本地的软件包也无法使用yum安装，故可以使用长选项 --nogpgcheck来避免检查
* history : 查看此前的安装卸载等操作历史
二、yum命令安装实例演示
/*-------- （1） 基本安装 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind-chroot
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Setting up Install Process Package 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Nothing to do # 已经安装了最新版，无需安装
现在先卸载这个软件包
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e bind-chroot
grep: /etc/sysconfig/named: No such file or directory
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e bind-chroot --force
rpm: only installation, upgrading, rmsource and rmspec may be forced
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e bind-chroot
error: package bind-chroot is not installed
[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind-chroot
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: bind = 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 for package: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution #依赖关系自动解决 Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================== Installing: bind-chroot x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 71 k Installing for dependencies: bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 4.0 M Transaction Summary ========================================================================= Install 2 Package(s) Total download size: 4.0 M Installed size: 7.3 M Is this ok [y/N]: # 输入y表示安装，N表示不安装，默认为不安装，yum可以使用-y自动回答安装 Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 42 MB/s | 4.0 MB 00:00 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum. Installing : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1/2 Installing : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2/2 Installed: bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 Dependency Installed: bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 Complete!
/*-------- （2） 重新安装 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum install bind
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Setting up Install Process Package 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Nothing to do # 提示已经安装过了
[root@localhost ~]# yum reinstall bind
# 不论是否安装，都会重新安装一遍 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Reinstall Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be reinstalled --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size =========================================================================== Reinstalling: bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 4.0 M Transaction Summary =============================================================================== Reinstall 1 Package(s) Total download size: 4.0 M Installed size: 7.3 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1/1 Installed: bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 Complete!
/*-------- （3） 卸载软件包 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum remove bind
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be erased --> Processing Dependency: bind = 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 for package: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================== Removing: bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 @base 7.3 M Removing for dependencies: bind-chroot x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 @base 0.0 # 清除bind的同时会清除bind-chroot，因为bind-chroot是依赖于bind的 Transaction Summary ============================================================================== Remove 2 Package(s) Installed size: 7.3 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1/2 Erasing : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2/2 warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave Verifying : 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 2/2 Removed: bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 Dependency Removed: bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 Complete!
/*-------- （4）软件包安装信息查询 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /etc/inittab
initscripts-9.03.40-2.el6.centos.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qf /etc/fstab
setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides /etc/fstab
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files # 此包生成了/etc/fstab Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/fstab setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch : A set of system configuration and setup files Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides /etc/named.conf
#也可以显示没有安装的文件 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 : The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) DNS (Domain Name System) : server # 这个包之前被卸载了，这里显示的是服务器仓库上的包 Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/named.conf
/*-------- （5） 模糊匹配查询 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum search init
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile ==============================N/S Matched: init =============================== initscripts.x86_64 : The inittab file and the /etc/init.d scripts iscsi-initiator-utils-devel.x86_64 : Development files for ... upstart.x86_64 : An event-driven init system xhtml1-dtds.noarch : XHTML 1.0 document type definitions xorg-x11-xinit-session.x86_64 : Display manager support for ~/.xsession and ~/.Xclients Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
/*-------- （6） 安装包组 --------*/
通常安装开发环境，为避免依赖关系，通常需要安装三个组：Development tools; Server Platform Development; Desktop Platform Development
[root@localhost ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Group Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile base/group_gz | 220 kB 00:00 ... Installed Groups: Additional Development Base Debugging Tools ... Web Server X Window System Installed Language Groups: Arabic Support [ar] ... Venda Support [ve] Available Groups: Backup Client ... iSCSI Storage Client Available Language Groups: Afrikaans Support [af] ... Zulu Support [zu] Done
[root@localhost~]#yum -y groupinstall "Development tools" "Server Platform Development" "Desktop Platform Development"
... pixman-devel x86_64 0.26.2-5.el6_4 base 18 k ppl x86_64 0.10.2-11.el6 base 1.3 M systemtap-client x86_64 2.3-3.el6 base 3.4 M systemtap-devel x86_64 2.3-3.el6 base 1.4 M xorg-x11-proto-devel noarch 7.6-25.el6 base 274 k yajl x86_64 1.0.7-3.el6 base 27 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================== Install 115 Package(s) Total download size: 123 M Installed size: 404 M ... systemtap-devel.x86_64 0:2.3-3.el6 xorg-x11-proto-devel.noarch 0:7.6-25.el6 yajl.x86_64 0:1.0.7-3.el6 Complete!
/*-------- （7） 通过yum下载到本地，然后手动安装软件包 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# cd /media/cdrom/Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# yum install bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm
# 这个包已经下载到本地了，因此不再从服务器下载 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Setting up Install Process Examining bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm: 32:bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 Marking bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm to be installed Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ========================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ========================================================================================== Installing: bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 /bind-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 7.3 M Transaction Summary ========================================================================================== Install 1 Package(s) Total size: 7.3 M Installed size: 7.3 M Is this ok [y/N]: N
[root@localhost Packages]# yum localinstall bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Local Package Process Examining bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 Marking bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64.rpm to be installed Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind-chroot.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: bind = 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 for package: 32:bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 --> Running transaction check ---> Package bind.x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution # 可以看到使用localinstall 也会自动解决依赖关系 Dependencies Resolved ========================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ========================================================================================== Installing: bind-chroot x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 /bind-chroot-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6.x86_64 0.0 Installing for dependencies: bind x86_64 32:9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6_4.6 base 4.0 M Transaction Summary ========================================================================================== Install 2 Package(s) Total download size: 4.0 M Installed size: 7.3 M Is this ok [y/N]: n Exiting on user Command
/*-------- （8) 查看yum命令的历史记录 --------*/
[root@localhost ~]# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:53 | Install | 115 4 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:37 | Erase | 2 EE 3 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:20 | Reinstall | 1 2 | root <root> | 2014-08-17 06:16 | Install | 2 < 1 | System <unset> | 2014-07-09 21:22 | Install | 1205 > history list
/*-------- （9) 使用yum安装lftp工具包 --------*/
现在来安装一个比较常用的ftp工具包 lftp：
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql lftp
# 首先检查这个软件包有没有安装 package lftp is not installed
[root@localhost ~]# yum install lftp
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package lftp.x86_64 0:4.0.9-1.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================= Installing: lftp x86_64 4.0.9-1.el6 cdrom-centos6 753 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 753 k Installed size: 2.5 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : lftp-4.0.9-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : lftp-4.0.9-1.el6.x86_64 1/1 Installed: lftp.x86_64 0:4.0.9-1.el6 Complete!
安装完成，现在可以使用lftp来ping服务器了：
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:CA:DF:46 inet addr:192.168.56.103 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 # 本机的IP地址 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:feca:df46/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:114790 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:46931 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:10065569 (9.5 MiB) TX bytes:12450568 (11.8 MiB)
[root@localhost ~]# lftp 192.168.56.103
lftp 192.168.56.103:~> pwd ftp://192.168.56.103 # 查看登陆的站点 lftp 192.168.56.103:~> !pwd /root #查看本地目录
lftp可以使用的基本命令有：
get： 下载单个文件
mget：下载多个文件
mirror：镜像一个目录到本地
bye：退出
cd：切换目录
pwd：查看当前位置