常用开源集群软件有:lvs,keepalived,haproxy,nginx,apache,heartbeat
常用商业集群硬件有:F5,Netscaler,Radware,A10等
一、LVS介绍
LVS是linux virtual server的简写linux虚拟服务器,是一个虚拟的服务器集群系统,可以再unix/linux平台下实现负载均衡集群功能。该项目在1998年5月由章文嵩博士组织成立。
LVS的三种工作模式:1.VS/NAT模式(Network address translation)2.VS/TUN模式(tunneling)
3.DR模式(Direct routing)
二、搭建LVS环境
1.LVS/NAT 配置
实验环境准备:
需要准备三台centos6.6系统机器,其中Director机器需要安装两块网卡;
Director的hostname命名为movies,两台real server的hostname各命名longls、bols;
每台机器上要提前安装nginx服务,为避免不必要的错误也把扩展源epel-release给安装了;
以下为各个服务器的IP:
[root@movies ~]# ifconfig //此为Director机器,eth0为看成外网IP、eth1看成内网IP eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:E6:9E:DF inet addr:192.168.1.111 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fee6:9edf/64 Scope:Link eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:E6:9E:E9 inet addr:192.168.217.111 Bcast:192.168.217.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fee6:9ee9/64 Scope:Link [root@longls ~]# ifconfig //第一台real server机器,eth1看成内网IP eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1B:40:8E inet addr:192.168.217.120 Bcast:192.168.217.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1b:408e/64 Scope:Link [root@bols ~]# ifconfig //第二台real server机器,eth1看成内网IP eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:77:83:34 inet addr:192.168.217.119 Bcast:192.168.217.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe77:8334/64 Scope:Link 同时也要将Director的eth1网卡的IP设置为两台real server的网关; [root@bols ~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.217.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1003 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 192.168.217.111 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 [root@longls ~]# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.217.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1003 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 192.168.217.111 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1
开始搭建环境:
[root@movies ~]# yum install -y ipvsadm //Director安装此命令,两台real server不用安装 [root@movies ~]# vim /usr/local/sbin/lvs_nat.sh //Direcotr 上添加以下内容 #! /bin/bash # director 服务器上开启路由转发功能: echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward # 关闭icmp的重定向 echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/send_redirects echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/send_redirects echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/send_redirects echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth1/send_redirects # director 设置nat防火墙 iptables -t nat -F iptables -t nat -X iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.217.0/24 -j MASQUERADE # director设置ipvsadm IPVSADM='/sbin/ipvsadm' $IPVSADM -C $IPVSADM -A -t 192.168.1.111:80 -s lc -p 300 $IPVSADM -a -t 192.168.1.111:80 -r 192.168.217.119:80 -m -w 1 $IPVSADM -a -t 192.168.1.111:80 -r 192.168.217.120:80 -m -w 1 [root@movies ~]# /bin/bash /usr/local/sbin/lvs_nat.sh //执行脚本 [root@movies ~]# iptables -nvL -t nat //查看规则 Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 534 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 1 packets, 124 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 MASQUERADE all -- * * 192.168.217.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1 packets, 124 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destinatio [root@movies ~]# ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 192.168.1.111:80 lc persistent 300 -> 192.168.217.119:80 Masq 1 0 0 -> 192.168.217.120:80 Masq 1 0 0 [root@longls ~]# /etc/init.d/nginx start //两台real server上启动nginx服务 [root@bols ~]# /etc/init.d/nginx start
通过浏览器可以看出nginx以正常启动,由于两个的内容一样为避免出现错误故更该了访问文件内容;
[root@longls ~]# cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html longls.avi [root@bols ~]# cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html bols.avi
更改html文件内容后在用浏览器刷新访问会变为更改后的html文件内容;
测试nat规则:
更改轮询规则为lc,权重为2,进行测试:
[root@movies ~]# /bin/bash /usr/local/sbin/lvs_nat.sh //从新执行脚本 用另一台linux机器curl测试,出现1次longls,1次bols,来回切换说明OK [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.111 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.111 longls.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.111 bols.avi 在Director机器上ipvsadm -ln可以查看,权重比,保持的链接比大概一样; [root@movies ~]# ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 192.168.1.111:80 lc -> 192.168.217.119:80 Masq 1 0 7 -> 192.168.217.120:80 Masq 1 0 7
2. LVS/DR 配置
实验环境准备:
需要准备三台机器,每台机器只需要配置1个ip,vip是用脚本执行后会出现的,不用手动设置;
Director的hostname命名为movies,两台real server的hostname各命名longls、bols;
每台机器上要提前安装nginx服务,为避免不必要的错误也把扩展源epel-release给安装了;
[root@movies ~]# vim /usr/local/sbin/lvs_dr.sh // Director添加以下内容 #! /bin/bash echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward ipv=/sbin/ipvsadm vip=192.168.1.110 rs1=192.168.1.119 rs2=192.168.1.120 ifconfig eth0:0 down ifconfig eth0:0 $vip broadcast $vip netmask 255.255.255.255 up route add -host $vip dev eth0:0 $ipv -C $ipv -A -t $vip:80 -s wrr $ipv -a -t $vip:80 -r $rs1:80 -g -w 3 $ipv -a -t $vip:80 -r $rs2:80 -g -w 1 [root@bols ~]# vim /usr/local/sbin/lvs_dr_rs.sh //两台real server都要增加以下脚本 #! /bin/bash vip=192.168.1.110 ifconfig lo:0 $vip broadcast $vip netmask 255.255.255.255 up route add -host $vip lo:0 echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce [root@movies ~]# /bin/sh /usr/local/sbin/lvs_dr.sh //执行shell脚本 [root@longls ~]# sh /usr/local/sbin/lvs_dr_rs.sh [root@bols ~]# sh /usr/local/sbin/lvs_dr_rs.sh [root@movies ~]# ifconfig //通过查看IP发现虚拟IP,dr显示eth0:0,rs1、rs2显示lo:0 eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:E6:9E:DF inet addr:192.168.1.110 Bcast:192.168.1.110 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000 [root@longls ~]# ifconfig lo:0 Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:192.168.1.110 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 [root@bols ~]# ifconfig lo:0 Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:192.168.1.110 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 [root@movies ~]# ipvsadm -ln //查看规则 IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 192.168.1.110:80 wrr -> 192.168.1.119:80 Route 3 0 0 -> 192.168.1.120:80 Route 1 0 0
在另开一台linux机器进行测,发现出现一次longls后出现三次bols,从而说明wrr轮询规则OK
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 longls.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 longls.avi [root@movies ~]# ipvsadm -ln //查看规则发现比例大概为3:1 IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 192.168.1.110:80 wrr -> 192.168.1.119:80 Route 3 0 8 -> 192.168.1.120:80 Route 1 0 2
DR配置测试:
若一台rs如果挂了之后,还是会轮询访问,若访问到宕掉的机器则会出现错误;
[root@longls ~]# /etc/init.d/nginx stop //模拟该机器宕机 停止 nginx: [确定]
根据轮询访问算法3:1比例会发现访问未宕掉机时正常访问,而访问宕掉的机器会发现报错;
[root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 bols.avi [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.1.110 curl: (7) couldn't connect to host
通过上面的例子我们会发现在机器宕掉后我们仍能访问,若想将其剔除还要结合keeplived;