Linux学习之建立yum源、yum命令的使用及rpm包编译安装

一、什么是Yum

    Yum的全称为 Yellowdog Update Modifier，其主要目的是为了解决RPM包安装时的依赖关系的问题。yum只是一个用于软件安装的前端工具，其主要的服务对象还是RPM软件包。

二、yum配置客户端
        1、主配置文件（中心配置文件）：/etc/yum.conf。
             通常不需要进行修改，保持其默认配置即可。
        2、提供repo配置文件，指明仓库访问路径及各种属性信息。
             在目录/etc/yum.repos.d/目录中创建.repo文件，其格式如下：
                [REPOID]                任意字符即可；
                name=自定义         任意字符即可；
                baseurl=ftp://        指明yum仓库的位置，支持服务器的类型包括ftp，nfs，http，file；
                        file:///             当用多个yum仓库时，可在每一行指定一个baseurl；
                enabled={0|1}        是否启用此repo的配置，默认为enabled=1；
                gpgcheck={0|1}      是否启用校验；
                gpgkey=URL           如启用校验，应指明密钥的位置；
                cost={1..n}               默认为1000，指定访问此仓库的开销；

            如下这是我系统中自定的yum源：

[root@deanzhu Packages]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo 
[epel]
name=Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - $basearch
#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/$basearch
mirrorlist=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-6&arch=$basearch
failovermethod=priority
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-6

          3、yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量所表达的意义：

$releasever: 程序的版本，对Yum而言指的是redhat-release版本；只替换为主版本号，如RedHat 6.5，则替换为6;

          $arch: 系统架构
          $basearch: 系统基本架构，如i686，i586等的基本架构为i386；
          $uuid:
          $YUM0-9: 在系统中定义的环境变量，可以在yum中使用；

三、yum客户端常用命令的使用

      1、 显示仓库列表

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum repolist all #显示所有仓库信息

     显示所有程序包：yum list

yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]

     可以使用通配符

       如：

[root@localhost ~]# yum list zsh* #显示所有出现zsh的软件包
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
zsh.x86_64 4.3.10-7.el6 dvd 
zsh-html.x86_64 4.3.10-7.el6 dvd 

yum list   [available|installed|updates]    [glob_exp1] [...] 

可用的 ：已安装的: 可升级的

2、安装程序包：yum install

      install package1 [package2] [...]

      如：

[root@localhost Packages]# yum install gcc #安装gcc包
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Install Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package gcc.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: cpp = 4.4.7-11.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: cloog-ppl >= 0.15 for package: gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package cloog-ppl.x86_64 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libppl_c.so.2()(64bit) for package: cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libppl.so.7()(64bit) for package: cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.x86_64
---> Package cpp.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libmpfr.so.1()(64bit) for package: cpp-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mpfr.x86_64 0:2.4.1-6.el6 will be installed
---> Package ppl.x86_64 0:0.10.2-11.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
 
Dependencies Resolved
 
=================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================
Installing:
 gcc x86_64 4.4.7-11.el6 dvd 10 M
Installing for dependencies:
 cloog-ppl x86_64 0.15.7-1.2.el6 dvd 93 k
 cpp x86_64 4.4.7-11.el6 dvd 3.7 M
 mpfr x86_64 2.4.1-6.el6 dvd 157 k
 ppl x86_64 0.10.2-11.el6 dvd 1.3 M
 
Transaction Summary #上面说明安装gcc所依赖的包
=================================================================================
Install 5 Package(s)
 
Total download size: 15 M
Installed size: 33 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y #选择yes，和面会把和gcc依赖的那4个包也一并安装了
Downloading Packages:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 44 MB/s | 15 MB 00:00 
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
 Installing : mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.x86_64 1/5 
 Installing : cpp-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 2/5 
 Installing : ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.x86_64 3/5 
 Installing : cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.x86_64 4/5 
 Installing : gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 5/5 
 Verifying : ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.x86_64 1/5 
 Verifying : cpp-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 2/5 
 Verifying : gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 3/5 
 Verifying : cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.x86_64 4/5 
 Verifying : mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.x86_64 5/5 
 
Installed:
 gcc.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 
 
Dependency Installed:
 cloog-ppl.x86_64 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6 cpp.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 
 mpfr.x86_64 0:2.4.1-6.el6 ppl.x86_64 0:0.10.2-11.el6 
 
Complete!

重新安装

   yum reinstall package1 [package2] [...]

如果需要安装老版本需要指定版本号

3、升级程序包：

                   yum update package1 [package2] [...]

4 、检查可有升级包：

                  yum check-update

5、卸载程序包：

          yum  remove | erase package1 [package2] [...]

[root@deanzhu repo]# yum remove gcc -y #卸载gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package gcc.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
 
Dependencies Resolved
 
=================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================
Removing:
 gcc x86_64 4.4.7-11.el6 @dvd 19 M
 
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================
Remove 1 Package(s)
 
Installed size: 19 M
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
 Erasing : gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 1/1 
 Verifying : gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 1/1 
 
Removed:
 gcc.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 
 
Complete!
[root@deanzhu repo]# 

注：依赖包都会被卸载

6、查看程序包的信息

                      yum    info [...]

如：

[root@localhost Packages]# yum info gcc #查看gcc程序包的信息
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
Name : gcc
Arch : x86_64
Version : 4.4.7
Release : 11.el6
Size : 19 M
Repo : installed
From repo : dvd
Summary : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
URL : http://gcc.gnu.org
License : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions
Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.4.
 : You'll need this package in order to compile C code.

7、查看指定的特性是由哪个哪个程序包提供的

               yum provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2] [...]

[root@deanzhu repo]# yum provides /usr/bin/yum #查询/usr/bin/yum这个文件是由哪个包
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk
yum-3.2.29-60.el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager #这里提示的生成这个文件的包
Repo : installed
Matched from:
Other : Provides-match: /usr/bin/yum
 

8、清理被动缓存：

              yum clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]

[root@deanzhu yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Cleaning repos: DVD epel mageeduepel room xen4centos
Cleaning up Everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors

9、构建缓存

              yum  makecache

[root@deanzhu repo]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
epel/metalink | 4.5 kB 00:00 
 * epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk
epel/group_gz | 149 kB 00:05 
epel/filelists_db | 8.2 MB 01:54 
epel/updateinfo | 698 kB 00:05 
http://ftp.cuhk.edu.hk/pub/linux/fedora-epel/6/x86_64/repodata/9333930f38142066e752ead41b011f970ed231367457be506c74f25a37dc5249-other.sqlite.bz2: [Errno 12] Timeout on http://ftp.cuhk.edu.hk/pub/linux/fedora-epel/6/x86_64/repodata/9333930f38142066e752ead41b011f970ed231367457be506c74f25a37dc5249-other.sqlite.bz2: (28, 'Operation too slow. Less than 1 bytes/sec transfered the last 30 seconds')
Trying other mirror.
epel/other_db | 2.8 MB 00:22 
Metadata Cache Created

四、创建本地yum源

[root@deanzhu Packages]# mkdir -p /yum/repo/ #创建目录/yum/repo
[root@deanzhu Packages]# cp /mnt/Packages/*.rpm /yum/repo/ #拷贝/mnt/Packages下所有已.rpm结尾的文件到/yum/repo目录下
[root@deanzhu ~]# man createrepo #man下createrepo这个命令，提示系统上没有这个命令，那么我们需要安装下，以下是安装步骤 
No manual entry for createrepo
[root@deanzhu Packages]# yum install createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch.rpm #安装creterepo这个程序
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Install Process
Examining createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch.rpm: createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch
Marking createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch.rpm to be installed
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.9-22.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: python-deltarpm for package: createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch
--> Running transaction check
---> Package python-deltarpm.x86_64 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: deltarpm = 3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 for package: python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package deltarpm.x86_64 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
 
Dependencies Resolved
 
=================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================
Installing:
 createrepo noarch 0.9.9-22.el6 /createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch 291 k
Installing for dependencies:
 deltarpm x86_64 3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 DVD 71 k
 python-deltarpm
 x86_64 3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 DVD 27 k
 
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================
Install 3 Package(s)
 
Total size: 388 k
Total download size: 98 k
Installed size: 520 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 2.3 MB/s | 98 kB 00:00 
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
 Installing : deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.x86_64 1/3 
 Installing : python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.x86_64 2/3 
 Installing : createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch 3/3 
 Verifying : python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.x86_64 1/3 
 Verifying : createrepo-0.9.9-22.el6.noarch 2/3 
 Verifying : deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.x86_64 3/3 
 
Installed:
 createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.9-22.el6 
 
Dependency Installed:
 deltarpm.x86_64 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 
 python-deltarpm.x86_64 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 
 
Complete!
[root@deanzhu repo]# createrepo ./ #cd到/yum/repo目录下将repo目录下的rmp包使用createrepo命令创建出repodata这个文件
Spawning worker 0 with 4184 pkgs
Workers Finished
Gathering worker results
 
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete #这里提示我们创建完成
[root@deanzhu repo]# cd repodata/ #cd到repodata目录下查看里面的文件，这样我们的一个本地yum仓库就创建好了
[root@deanzhu repodata]# ls
0782d476e717e94767e3a4baec916c498149d8ff5571008bd47e542cca5e756b-filelists.sqlite.bz2
38d0b586da870d4e099594c37199b180c00e60fbb3c96cf4a2f520e7235485d6-other.xml.gz
5d46c2e877448d2b252e808ec42d6c1b717bdc0744bcad78f3885cdd3542cd29-primary.xml.gz
acce1185959aef63665ade812996b0471d8c7bf69d01ad60a5a6caf834fb26ac-filelists.xml.gz
c212bdef68a2fa09f321bc217b53231d4e7b5df74448446d4e3be083f86f9502-other.sqlite.bz2
d8256b97e837a57f513159f3a609416d73567963e99512cc391bf91a74fd2600-primary.sqlite.bz2
repomd.xml
 

[root@deanzhu yum.repos.d]# yum repolist #重载yum仓库
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk
http://172.16.0.1/fedora-epel/6/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 12] Timeout on http://172.16.0.1/fedora-epel/6/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: (28, 'connect() timed out!')
Trying other mirror.
http://172.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 12] Timeout on http://172.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml: (28, 'connect() timed out!')
Trying other mirror.
xen4centos | 2.9 kB 00:00 ... 
xen4centos/primary_db | 3.4 MB 00:00 ... 
repo id repo name status
DVD dvdiso 6,518
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - x86_64 11,764
mageeduepel mageedu.com 12,922
room dream room 4,184
xen4centos Xen4 CentOS 4,184 #这边可以查看到我们新建的yum仓库已经可以使用了
repolist: 39,572
[root@deanzhu yum.repos.d]# cat rom.repo #我们查看下我们对仓库的定义
[room]
name=dream room
baseurl=http://172.16.0.1/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-6.6-x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
 
 
 
[mageeduepel]
name=mageedu.com
baseurl=http://172.16.0.1/fedora-epel/6/x86_64/
gpgcheck=0
 
 
 
[xen4centos] #这边是我们对新仓库的定义内容
name=Xen4 CentOS
baseurl=file:///yum/repo
gpgcheck=0

如上我们一个本地的yum仓库就创建好了，其中createrepo命令还有很多选项，我们这边不常用，所有已就不介绍了

五、程序包编译安装

      1、为何进行程序包编译

     （1）、找不到何事的程序包

     （2）、每一个程序包在编译的时候也许有20个程序包，但是只编译了前面10个，我们要用到后面10个的时候，所有只有编译安装了。

      rpm包有2种格式：

           编译好的rpm包

           源码rpm包

      未编译的rpm包格式：testapp-VERSION-release.src.rpm    其中有src.rpm中src是不知道你的程序包需要安装在什么平台之上的。

      2、C代码编译安装三步骤：

./configure：

(1) 通过选项传递参数，指定启用特性、安装路径等；执行时会参考用户的指定以及Makefile.in文件生成makefile；

(2) 检查依赖到的外部环境；

make：

根据makefile文件，构建应用程序；

make install

     3、事例如何编译Apache程序包：

           （1）、准备编译环境

开发工具：make, gcc等

开发环境：开发库，头文件

glibc：标准库

                  那么我们如何获得这个工具可以通过安装“包组”提供开发组件，安装的“包组”如下

   CentOS 6: "Development Tools", "Server Platform Development",

                   这样我们的环境就准备好了

           （2）、操作

[root@deanzhu ~]# cd /mnt/ #首先们要先下载一个程序包，我这边的httpd-2.2.31.tar.bz2是从网上下载的
[root@deanzhu mnt]# ls
 httpd-2.2.31.tar.bz2
[root@deanzhu mnt]# tra xf httpd-2.2.31.tar.bz2 #解压程序包
[root@deanzhu mnt]# ls
httpd-2.2.31 httpd-2.2.31.tar.bz2
[root@deanzhu mnt]# cd httpd-2.2.31
[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# ls #查看httpd-2.2.31里面的文件
ABOUT_APACHE BuildBin.dsp config.log docs httpd.mak LAYOUT Makefile modules.lo README srclib
acinclude.m4 buildconf config.nice emacs-style httpd.spec libhttpd.dep Makefile.in modules.o README.platforms support
Apache.dsw buildmark.o config.status httpd include libhttpd.dsp Makefile.win NOTICE README-win32.txt test
build CHANGES configure httpd.dep INSTALL libhttpd.mak modules NWGNUmakefile ROADMAP VERSIONING
BuildAll.dsp config.layout configure.in httpd.dsp InstallBin.dsp LICENSE modules.c os server
[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# less INSTALL #查看INSTALL里面的文件
 APACHE INSTALLATION OVERVIEW
 
 Quick Start - Unix
 ------------------
 
 For complete installation documentation, see [ht]docs/manual/install.html or
 http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/install.html
 
 $ ./configure --prefix=PREFIX #这里提示了我们需要安装的步骤
 $ make
 $ make install
 $ PREFIX/bin/apachectl start

对于./configure 这个脚本有很多的选项，我们可以使用./configure --help去查看

[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# ./configure --help

这边选项太多，就不一一列出了，只写几个常用的选项

                                          安装路径设定：

--prefix=/PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE: 指定默认安装位置；默认为/usr/local/

--sysconfdir=/PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE：配置文件安装位置；

                                           Optional Features: 可选特性

--disable-FEATURE

--enable-FEATURE[=ARG]

  Optional Packages: 可选包

--with-PACKAGE[=ARG]

--without-PACKAGE

[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 #指定安装路径 第一步
[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# make #执行第二步make
[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# make install #执行第三步make install 这样程序就安装完成了
[root@deanzhu httpd-2.2.31]# cd /usr/local/apache2/ #切换到apache2目录下
[root@deanzhu apache2]# ls bin #查看bin下的文件
ab apu-1-config dbmmanage htcacheclean htpasswd logresolve
apachectl apxs envvars htdbm httpd rotatelogs
apr-1-config checkgid envvars-std htdigest httxt2dbm 
[root@deanzhu apache2]# bin/apachectl start #执行bin下的apachectl这个脚本
[root@deanzhu apache2]# netstat -tan #查看服务 
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address Stat 
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:58427 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6013 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 192.168.0.18:22 192.168.0.23:51983 ESTALISHED 
tcp 0 0 192.168.0.18:22 192.168.0.23:52830 ESTALISHED 
tcp 0 0 192.168.0.18:22 192.168.0.23:52990 ESTALISHED 
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 ::1:6013 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 :::57027 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTN 
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTN 
#80端口处于监听状态，我们的服务以及启动了

#在网页上输入我们的IP地址这样就可以看到

  4、完成上面一些操作后我们还需要对一些文件进行修改

安装后的配置：

(1) 导出二进制程序目录至PATH环境变量中；

编辑文件/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh

export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH

[root@deanzhu ld.so.conf.d]# cd /etc/profile.d/
[root@deanzhu profile.d]# ls
colorls.csh glib2.sh less.csh vim.csh
colorls.sh gnome-ssh-askpass.csh less.sh vim.sh
cvs.csh gnome-ssh-askpass.sh qt.csh which2.sh
cvs.sh lang.csh qt.sh
glib2.csh lang.sh udisks-bash-completion.sh
[root@deanzhu profile.d]# vim apache2.sh
[root@deanzhu profile.d]# cat apache2.sh 
export PATH=/usr/local/apache2/bin:$PATH

(2) 导出库文件路径

编辑/etc/ld.so.conf.d/NAME.conf

添加新的库文件所在目录至此文件中；

[root@deanzhu ~]# cd /etc/ld.so.conf.d/
[root@deanzhu ld.so.conf.d]# ls
kernel-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.conf qt-x86_64.conf
mysql-x86_64.conf xulrunner-64.conf
[root@deanzhu ld.so.conf.d]# vim apache2.conf #新建一个文件存放apache2库文件路径
[root@deanzhu ld.so.conf.d]# cat apache2.conf 
/usr/local/apache2/lib

                            让系统重新生成缓存：

ldconfig [-v]

(3) 导出头文件

基于链接的方式实现：

ln -sv

(4) 导出帮助手册

编辑/etc/man.config文件

添加一个MANPATH

这样我们一个程序的编译安装就好了。

六、总结。

在以上的学习中，发现最难得还是rpm包的编译安装，有些地方还是不太懂，不过rpm包的编译安装需要用到好多的知识点，这样又可以把之前所有学的再复习一遍，感觉这种方法不错的。