QA与QC的差别

昨晚与朋友讨论质量保证(QA)与质量控制(QC)的概念差别,之所以要讨论这个问题,涉及到了在公司内关于质量保证活动的职责分配问题,涉及到了质量保证人员的配备的问题,因此具有一定的实践意义。

先来看在CMMI模型中的相关描述:

1 质量保证的定义:

A planned and systematic means for assuring management that the defined standards, practices, procedures, and methods of the process are applied.[参见模型562]



2 质量控制的定义:

The operational techniques and activities that are used to fulfill requirements for quality. (See also “quality assurance.”)[ 参见模型562]



3 PPQA的概述:

The Process and Product Quality Assurance process area supports all process areas by providing specific practices for objectively evaluating performed processes, work products, and services against the applicable process descriptions, standards, and procedures, and ensuring that any issues arising from these reviews are addressed. Process and Product Quality Assurance supports the delivery of high-quality products and services by providing the project staff and all levels of managers with appropriate visibility into, and feedback on, the processes and associated work products throughout the life of the project. [参见模型68]

这段描述在模型中重复出现多次。



4 PPQAVER的关系:

The practices in the Process and Product Quality Assurance process area ensure that planned processes are implemented, while the practices in the Verification process area ensure that the specified requirements are satisfied. These two process areas may on occasion address the same work product but from different perspectives. Projects should take advantage of the overlap in order to minimize duplication of effort while taking care to maintain the separate perspectives.[参见模型355]



再来看在ISO 90002000中对质量保证的定义:

3.2.8 质量管理 quality management

质量(3.1.1)方面指挥和控制组织(3.3.1)的协调的活动。

注:在质量方面的指挥和控制活动,通常包括制定质量方针(3.2.4)质量目标(3.2.5)以及质量策划(3.2.9)质量控制(3.2.10)质量保证(3.2.11)质量改进(3.2.12)

3.2.10 质量控制 quality contorl

质量管理(3.2.8)的一部分,致力于满足质量要求(3.1.2)

3.2.11 质量保证 quality assurance

质量管理(3.2.8)的一部分,致力于提供质量要求(3.1.2)会得到满足的信任。

3.4.2 产品 product

过程(3.4.1)的结果

注3:质量保证(3.2.11)主要关注预期的产品。



基于上述的模型与标准的描述,结合我的实践,通俗归纳如下的表格,仅供理解时参考:

 
QC
QA
执行人
技术专家
测试人员
PM
QA 人员
检查对象
工作产品
过程
工作产品
过程
参照物
需求
技术规格
质量目标
标准规范
关注点
产品的内在质量
过程的性能
产品与过程对于标准的符合性
有效性
直接作用在产品上
直接作用在过程上,间接作用在产品上
手段
测试
评审
SPC技术等
检查
评审
管理假设
产品有缺陷,应尽早发现缺陷
过程可以预防产品缺陷
时效性
就事论事
长期性,要分析根本原因,是文化的建设,通过过程保证产品质量

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