下文详细记录了基于 OpenSSL 的 CA 建立及证书签发过程。
按照 OpenSSL 的默认配置建立 CA ,需要在文件系统中建立相应的目录结构。相关的配置内容一般位于/usr/ssl/openssl.cnf 内,详情可参见 config (1) 。在终端中使用如下命令建立目录结构:
$ mkdir -p ./demoCA/{private,newcerts}
$ touch ./demoCA/index.txt
$ echo 01 > ./demoCA/serial
产生的目录结构如下:
.
`-- demoCA/
|-- index.txt
|-- newcerts/
|-- private/
`-- serial
首先,我们要为 CA 建立 RSA 密钥对。打开终端,使用如下命令生成 RSA 密钥对:
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 2048
genrsa
用于生成 RSA 密钥对的 OpenSSL 命令。
-des3
使用 3-DES 对称加密算法加密密钥对,该参数需要用户在密钥生成过程中输入一个口令用于加密。今后使用该密钥对时,需要输入相应的口令。如果不加该选项,则不对密钥进行加密。
-out ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
令生成的密钥对保存到文件 ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 。
2048
RSA 模数位数,在一定程度上表征了密钥强度。
该命令输出如下,用户应输入自己的密钥口令并确认:
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
................................................+++
.........................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase> Verifying - Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<re-enter your pass-phrase>
为了获取一个 CA 根证书,我们需要先制作一份证书请求。先前生成的 CA 密钥对被用于对证书请求签名。
$ openssl req -new -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem
req
用于生成证书请求的 OpenSSL 命令。
-new
生成一个新的证书请求。该参数将令 OpenSSL 在证书请求生成过程中要求用户填写一些相应的字段。
-days 365
从生成之时算起,证书时效为 365 天。
-key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
指定 ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 为证书所使用的密钥对文件。
-out careq.pem
令生成的证书请求保存到文件 careq.pem 。
该命令将提示用户输入密钥口令并填写证书相关信息字段,输出如下:
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter you pass-phrase>
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:ZJ
Locality Name (eg, city) []:HZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Some Ltd. Corp.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Some Unit
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:Someone
Email Address []:[email protected]
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
在实际应用中,用户可以通过向知名 CA 递交证书请求来申请证书。但是在这里,我们需要建立的是一个根 CA ,只能由我们自己来对证书请求进行签名。所以我们让 OpenSSL 使用证书请求中附带的密钥对对该请求进行签名,也就是所谓的“ self sign ”:
$ openssl ca -selfsign -in careq.pem -out cacert.pem
ca
用于执行 CA 相关操作的 OpenSSL 命令。
-selfsign
使用对证书请求进行签名的密钥对来签发证书。
-in careq.pem
指定 careq.pem 为证书请求文件。
-out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
指定 ./demoCA/cacert.pem 为输出的证书。
该命令要求用户输入密钥口令并输出相关证书信息,请求用户确认:
Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
Validity
Not Before: Jan 16 13:05:09 2008 GMT
Not After : Jan 15 13:05:09 2009 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ZJ
organizationName = Some Ltd. Corp.
organizationalUnitName = Some Unit
commonName = Someone
emailAddress = [email protected]
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
75:F5:3C:CC:C1:5E:6D:C3:8B:46:A8:08:E6:EA:29:E8:22:7E:70:03
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:75:F5:3C:CC:C1:5E:6D:C3:8B:46:A8:08:E6:EA:29:E8:22:7E:70:03
Certificate is to be certified until Jan 15 13:05:09 2009 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
以上两个步骤可以合二为一。利用 ca 命令的 -x509 参数,通过以下命令同时完成证书请求生成和签名从而生成 CA 根证书:
$ openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
req
用于生成证书请求的 OpenSSL 命令。
-new
生成一个新的证书请求。该参数将令 OpenSSL 在证书请求生成过程中要求用户填写一些相应的字段。
-x509
生成一份 X.509 证书。
-days 365
从生成之时算起,证书时效为 365 天。
-key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem
指定 cakey.pem 为证书所使用的密钥对文件。
-out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
令生成的证书保存到文件 ./demoCA/cacert.pem 。
该命令输出如下,用户应输入相应的字段:
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:ZJ
Locality Name (eg, city) []:HZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Some Ltd. Corp.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Some Unit
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:Someone
Email Address []:[email protected]
至此,我们便已成功建立了一个私有根 CA 。在这个过程中,我们获得了一份 CA 密钥对文件./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 以及一份由此密钥对签名的 CA 根证书文件 ./demoCA/cacert.pem ,得到的 CA 目录结构如下:
.
|-- careq.pem
`-- demoCA/
|-- cacert.pem
|-- index.txt
|-- index.txt.attr
|-- index.txt.old
|-- newcerts/
| `-- 01.pem
|-- private/
| `-- cakey.pem
|-- serial
`-- serial.old
注:如果在 CA 建立过程中跳过证书请求生成的步骤,则不会产生 careq.pem 文件。
下面我们就可以利用建立起来的 CA 进行证书签发了。
参照 CA 的 RSA 密钥对生成过程,使用如下命令生成新的密钥对:
$ openssl genrsa -des3 -out userkey.pem
Generating RSA private key, 512 bit long modulus
....++++++++++++
...++++++++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
Enter pass phrase for userkey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Verifying - Enter pass phrase for userkey.pem:<re-enter your pass-phrase>
参照 CA 的证书请求生成过程,使用如下命令生成新的证书请求:
$ openssl req -new -days 365 -key userkey.pem -out userreq.pem
Enter pass phrase for userkey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:ZJ
Locality Name (eg, city) []:HZ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Some Ltd. Corp.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Some Other Unit
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:Another
Email Address []:[email protected]
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
现在,我们可以用先前建立的 CA 来对用户的证书请求进行签名来为用户签发证书了。使用如下命令:
$ openssl ca -in userreq.pem -out usercert.pem
ca
用于执行 CA 相关操作的 OpenSSL 命令。
-in userreq.pem
指定用户证书请求文件为 userreq.pem 。
-out usercert.pem
指定输出的用户证书文件为 usercert.pem 。
该命令要求用户输入密钥口令并输出相关证书信息,请求用户确认:
Using configuration from /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem:<enter your pass-phrase>
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
Validity
Not Before: Jan 16 14:50:22 2008 GMT
Not After : Jan 15 14:50:22 2009 GMT
Subject:
countryName = CN
stateOrProvinceName = ZJ
organizationName = Some Ltd. Corp.
organizationalUnitName = Some Other Unit
commonName = Another
emailAddress = [email protected]
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
97:E7:8E:84:B1:45:27:83:94:A0:DC:24:79:7B:83:97:99:0B:36:A9
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:D9:87:12:94:B2:20:C7:22:AB:D4:D5:DF:33:DB:84:F3:B0:4A:EC:A2
Certificate is to be certified until Jan 15 14:50:22 2009 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
# 建立 CA 目录结构
mkdir -p ./demoCA/{private,newcerts}
touch ./demoCA/index.txt
echo 01 > ./demoCA/serial
# 生成 CA 的 RSA 密钥对
openssl genrsa -des3 -out ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem 2048
# 生成 CA 证书请求
openssl req -new -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem
# 自签发 CA 证书
openssl ca -selfsign -in careq.pem -out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
# 以上两步可以合二为一
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -key ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem -out ./demoCA/cacert.pem
# 生成用户的 RSA 密钥对
openssl genrsa -des3 -out userkey.pem
# 生成用户证书请求
openssl req -new -days 365 -key userkey.pem -out userreq.pem
# 使用 CA 签发用户证书
openssl ca -in userreq.pem -out usercert.pem
了解了这些基础步骤之后,就可以通过脚本甚至 makefile 的方式来将这些工作自动化。 CA.pl 和 CA.sh 便是对 OpenSSL 的 CA 相关功能的简单封装,在 Debian 系统中,安装了 OpenSSL 后,可以在 /usr/lib/ssl/misc/目录下找到这两个文件。而 makefile 的解决方案则可以参考这里。