一个高手的 python的HTMLParser学习笔记

先来大致看看HTMLParser的源代码吧：

"""A parser for HTML and XHTML."""
 
# This file is based on sgmllib.py, but the API is slightly different.
 
# XXX There should be a way to distinguish between PCDATA (parsed
# character data -- the normal case), RCDATA (replaceable character
# data -- only char and entity references and end tags are special)
# and CDATA (character data -- only end tags are special).
 
 
import markupbase
import re
 
# Regular expressions used for parsing
 
interesting_normal = re.compile('[&<]')
interesting_cdata = re.compile(r'<(/|\Z)')
incomplete = re.compile('&[a-zA-Z#]')
 
entityref = re.compile('&([a-zA-Z][-.a-zA-Z0-9]*)[^a-zA-Z0-9]')
charref = re.compile('&#(?:[0-9]+|[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+)[^0-9a-fA-F]')
 
starttagopen = re.compile('<[a-zA-Z]')
piclose = re.compile('>')
commentclose = re.compile(r'--\s*>')
tagfind = re.compile('[a-zA-Z][-.a-zA-Z0-9:_]*')
attrfind = re.compile(
    r'\s*([a-zA-Z_][-.:a-zA-Z_0-9]*)(\s*=\s*'
    r'(\'[^\']*\'|"[^"]*"|[-a-zA-Z0-9./,:;+*%?!&$\(\)_#=~@]*))?')
 
locatestarttagend = re.compile(r"""
  <[a-zA-Z][-.a-zA-Z0-9:_]*          # tag name
  (?:\s+                             # whitespace before attribute name
    (?:[a-zA-Z_][-.:a-zA-Z0-9_]*     # attribute name
      (?:\s*=\s*                     # value indicator
        (?:'[^']*'                   # LITA-enclosed value
          |\"[^\"]*\"                # LIT-enclosed value
          |[^'\">\s]+                # bare value
         )
       )?
     )
   )*
  \s*                                # trailing whitespace
""", re.VERBOSE)
endendtag = re.compile('>')
endtagfind = re.compile('</\s*([a-zA-Z][-.a-zA-Z0-9:_]*)\s*>')
 
 
class HTMLParseError(Exception):
    """Exception raised for all parse errors."""
 
    def __init__(self, msg, position=(None, None)):
        assert msg
        self.msg = msg
        self.lineno = position[0]
        self.offset = position[1]
 
    def __str__(self):
        result = self.msg
        if self.lineno is not None:
            result = result + ", at line %d" % self.lineno
        if self.offset is not None:
            result = result + ", column %d" % (self.offset + 1)
        return result
 
 
class HTMLParser(markupbase.ParserBase):
    """Find tags and other markup and call handler functions.
 
    Usage:
        p = HTMLParser()
        p.feed(data)
        ...
        p.close()
 
    Start tags are handled by calling self.handle_starttag() or
    self.handle_startendtag(); end tags by self.handle_endtag().  The
    data between tags is passed from the parser to the derived class
    by calling self.handle_data() with the data as argument (the data
    may be split up in arbitrary chunks).  Entity references are
    passed by calling self.handle_entityref() with the entity
    reference as the argument.  Numeric character references are
    passed to self.handle_charref() with the string containing the
    reference as the argument.
    """
 
    CDATA_CONTENT_ELEMENTS = ("script", "style")
 
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Initialize and reset this instance."""
        self.reset()
 
    def reset(self):
        """Reset this instance.  Loses all unprocessed data."""
        self.rawdata = ''
        self.lasttag = '???'
        self.interesting = interesting_normal
        markupbase.ParserBase.reset(self)
 
    def feed(self, data):
        """Feed data to the parser.
 
        Call this as often as you want, with as little or as much text
        as you want (may include '\n').
        """
        self.rawdata = self.rawdata + data
        self.goahead(0)
 
    def close(self):
        """Handle any buffered data."""
        self.goahead(1)
 
    def error(self, message):
        raise HTMLParseError(message, self.getpos())
 
    __starttag_text = None
 
    def get_starttag_text(self):
        """Return full source of start tag: '<...>'."""
        return self.__starttag_text
 
    def set_cdata_mode(self):
        self.interesting = interesting_cdata
 
    def clear_cdata_mode(self):
        self.interesting = interesting_normal
 
    # Internal -- handle data as far as reasonable.  May leave state
    # and data to be processed by a subsequent call.  If 'end' is
    # true, force handling all data as if followed by EOF marker.
    def goahead(self, end):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        i = 0
        n = len(rawdata)
        while i < n:
            match = self.interesting.search(rawdata, i) # < or &
            if match:
                j = match.start()
            else:
                j = n
            if i < j: self.handle_data(rawdata[i:j])
            i = self.updatepos(i, j)
            if i == n: break
            startswith = rawdata.startswith
            if startswith('<', i):
                if starttagopen.match(rawdata, i): # < + letter
                    k = self.parse_starttag(i)
                elif startswith("</", i):
                    k = self.parse_endtag(i)
                elif startswith("<!--", i):
                    k = self.parse_comment(i)
                elif startswith("<?", i):
                    k = self.parse_pi(i)
                elif startswith("<!", i):
                    k = self.parse_declaration(i)
                elif (i + 1) < n:
                    self.handle_data("<")
                    k = i + 1
                else:
                    break
                if k < 0:
                    if end:
                        self.error("EOF in middle of construct")
                    break
                i = self.updatepos(i, k)
            elif startswith("&#", i):
                match = charref.match(rawdata, i)
                if match:
                    name = match.group()[2:-1]
                    self.handle_charref(name)
                    k = match.end()
                    if not startswith(';', k-1):
                        k = k - 1
                    i = self.updatepos(i, k)
                    continue
                else:
                    if ";" in rawdata[i:]: #bail by consuming &#
                        self.handle_data(rawdata[0:2])
                        i = self.updatepos(i, 2)
                    break
            elif startswith('&', i):
                match = entityref.match(rawdata, i)
                if match:
                    name = match.group(1)
                    self.handle_entityref(name)
                    k = match.end()
                    if not startswith(';', k-1):
                        k = k - 1
                    i = self.updatepos(i, k)
                    continue
                match = incomplete.match(rawdata, i)
                if match:
                    # match.group() will contain at least 2 chars
                    if end and match.group() == rawdata[i:]:
                        self.error("EOF in middle of entity or char ref")
                    # incomplete
                    break
                elif (i + 1) < n:
                    # not the end of the buffer, and can't be confused
                    # with some other construct
                    self.handle_data("&")
                    i = self.updatepos(i, i + 1)
                else:
                    break
            else:
                assert 0, "interesting.search() lied"
        # end while
        if end and i < n:
            self.handle_data(rawdata[i:n])
            i = self.updatepos(i, n)
        self.rawdata = rawdata[i:]
 
    # Internal -- parse processing instr, return end or -1 if not terminated
    def parse_pi(self, i):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        assert rawdata[i:i+2] == '<?', 'unexpected call to parse_pi()'
        match = piclose.search(rawdata, i+2) # >
        if not match:
            return -1
        j = match.start()
        self.handle_pi(rawdata[i+2: j])
        j = match.end()
        return j
 
    # Internal -- handle starttag, return end or -1 if not terminated
    def parse_starttag(self, i):
        self.__starttag_text = None
        endpos = self.check_for_whole_start_tag(i)
        if endpos < 0:
            return endpos
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        self.__starttag_text = rawdata[i:endpos]
 
        # Now parse the data between i+1 and j into a tag and attrs
        attrs = []
        match = tagfind.match(rawdata, i+1)
        assert match, 'unexpected call to parse_starttag()'
        k = match.end()
        self.lasttag = tag = rawdata[i+1:k].lower()
 
        while k < endpos:
            m = attrfind.match(rawdata, k)
            if not m:
                break
            attrname, rest, attrvalue = m.group(1, 2, 3)
            if not rest:
                attrvalue = None
            elif attrvalue[:1] == '\'' == attrvalue[-1:] or \
                 attrvalue[:1] == '"' == attrvalue[-1:]:
                attrvalue = attrvalue[1:-1]
                attrvalue = self.unescape(attrvalue)
            attrs.append((attrname.lower(), attrvalue))
            k = m.end()
 
        end = rawdata[k:endpos].strip()
        if end not in (">", "/>"):
            lineno, offset = self.getpos()
            if "\n" in self.__starttag_text:
                lineno = lineno + self.__starttag_text.count("\n")
                offset = len(self.__starttag_text) \
                         - self.__starttag_text.rfind("\n")
            else:
                offset = offset + len(self.__starttag_text)
            self.error("junk characters in start tag: %r"
                       % (rawdata[k:endpos][:20],))
        if end.endswith('/>'):
            # XHTML-style empty tag: <span attr="value" />
            self.handle_startendtag(tag, attrs)
        else:
            self.handle_starttag(tag, attrs)
            if tag in self.CDATA_CONTENT_ELEMENTS:
                self.set_cdata_mode()
        return endpos
 
    # Internal -- check to see if we have a complete starttag; return end
    # or -1 if incomplete.
    def check_for_whole_start_tag(self, i):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        m = locatestarttagend.match(rawdata, i)
        if m:
            j = m.end()
            next = rawdata[j:j+1]
            if next == ">":
                return j + 1
            if next == "/":
                if rawdata.startswith("/>", j):
                    return j + 2
                if rawdata.startswith("/", j):
                    # buffer boundary
                    return -1
                # else bogus input
                self.updatepos(i, j + 1)
                self.error("malformed empty start tag")
            if next == "":
                # end of input
                return -1
            if next in ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz=/"
                        "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"):
                # end of input in or before attribute value, or we have the
                # '/' from a '/>' ending
                return -1
            self.updatepos(i, j)
            self.error("malformed start tag")
        raise AssertionError("we should not get here!")
 
    # Internal -- parse endtag, return end or -1 if incomplete
    def parse_endtag(self, i):
        rawdata = self.rawdata
        assert rawdata[i:i+2] == "</", "unexpected call to parse_endtag"
        match = endendtag.search(rawdata, i+1) # >
        if not match:
            return -1
        j = match.end()
        match = endtagfind.match(rawdata, i) # </ + tag + >
        if not match:
            self.error("bad end tag: %r" % (rawdata[i:j],))
        tag = match.group(1)
        self.handle_endtag(tag.lower())
        self.clear_cdata_mode()
        return j
 
    # Overridable -- finish processing of start+end tag: <tag.../>
    def handle_startendtag(self, tag, attrs):
        self.handle_starttag(tag, attrs)
        self.handle_endtag(tag)
 
    # Overridable -- handle start tag
    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle end tag
    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle character reference
    def handle_charref(self, name):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle entity reference
    def handle_entityref(self, name):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle data
    def handle_data(self, data):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle comment
    def handle_comment(self, data):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle declaration
    def handle_decl(self, decl):
        pass
 
    # Overridable -- handle processing instruction
    def handle_pi(self, data):
        pass
 
    def unknown_decl(self, data):
        self.error("unknown declaration: %r" % (data,))
 
    # Internal -- helper to remove special character quoting
    entitydefs = None
    def unescape(self, s):
        if '&' not in s:
            return s
        def replaceEntities(s):
            s = s.groups()[0]
            if s[0] == "#":
                s = s[1:]
                if s[0] in ['x','X']:
                    c = int(s[1:], 16)
                else:
                    c = int(s)
                return unichr(c)
            else:
                # Cannot use name2codepoint directly, because HTMLParser supports apos,
                # which is not part of HTML 4
                import htmlentitydefs
                if HTMLParser.entitydefs is None:
                    entitydefs = HTMLParser.entitydefs = {'apos':u"'"}
                    for k, v in htmlentitydefs.name2codepoint.iteritems():
                        entitydefs[k] = unichr(v)
                try:
                    return self.entitydefs[s]
                except KeyError:
                    return '&'+s+';'
 
        return re.sub(r"&(#?[xX]?(?:[0-9a-fA-F]+|\w{1,8}));", replaceEntities, s)

大家可以看到，其实内部的很多的方法都是没有实现的，所以需要我们继承这个类，自己去实现一些方法。关于HTMLParser的方法，大家可以参考官方文档：

http://docs.python.org/library/htmlparser.html#HTMLParser.HTMLParser （英文，笔者没有多少时间去翻译这些）

另外，给一个例子大家对照着看看，我相信这么简单的例子，大家都能看懂的。

假设我们要处理的文件在d盘根目录下，名字为hello.html,文件的内容为：

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
 
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
 
	<head>
 
		<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
 
		<title>Rollen Holt - cnblogs</title>
		<meta name="keywords" content="Rollen Holt,rollenholt" />
 
		<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/css/common.css"/>
		<link id="MainCss" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/Skins/kubrick/style.css"/>
		<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/css/common2.css"/>
 
		<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://common.cnblogs.com/css/shCore.css"/>
 
		<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://common.cnblogs.com/css/shThemeDefault.css"/>
 
		<link title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/rss"/>
 
		<link title="RSD" type="application/rsd+xml" rel="EditURI" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/rsd.xml"/>
		<link type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" rel="wlwmanifest" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/wlwmanifest.xml"/> 
 
		<script src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script>  
 
		<script src="/script/common.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 
		<script src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/jquery.json-2.2.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 
		<script type="text/javascript" src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/shCore.js"></script>
 
		<script type="text/javascript" src="http://common.cnblogs.com/script/shLanguage.js"></script>
 
	</head>
 
	<body>
 
		<a name="top"></a>
 
		<form method="post" action="" id="Form1">
 
			<div class="aspNetHidden">
 
				<input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="" />
 
			</div>
		</form>
	</body>
</html>

我们的python代码为：

#coding=utf-8
 
from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
 
class MyParser(HTMLParser):
    """一个简单的HTMLparser的例子"""
     
    def handle_decl(self, decl):
        """处理头文档"""
        HTMLParser.handle_decl(self, decl)
        print decl
     
    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        """处理起始标签"""
        HTMLParser.handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs)
        if not HTMLParser.get_starttag_text(self).endswith("/>"):
            print "<",tag,">"
             
    def handle_data(self, data):
        """处理文本元素"""
        HTMLParser.handle_data(self, data)
        print data,
         
    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        """处理结束标签"""
        HTMLParser.handle_endtag(self, tag)
        if not HTMLParser.get_starttag_text(self).endswith("/>"):
            print "</",tag,">"
     
    def handle_startendtag(self, tag, attrs):
        """处理自闭标签"""
        HTMLParser.handle_startendtag(self, tag, attrs)
        print HTMLParser.get_starttag_text(self)
         
    def handle_comment(self, data):
        """处理注释"""
        HTMLParser.handle_comment(self, data)
        print data
    def close(self):
        HTMLParser.close(self)
        print "parser over"
         
 
         
demo=MyParser()
demo.feed(open("d:\\hello.html").read())
 
demo.close()

输出的结果为：

DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"

< html >

< head >

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>

< title >
Rollen Holt - cnblogs </ title >

<meta name="keywords" content="Rollen Holt,rollenholt" />

<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/css/common.css"/>

<link id="MainCss" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/Skins/kubrick/style.css"/>

<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/css/common2.css"/>

<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://common.cnblogs.com/css/shCore.css"/>

<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://common.cnblogs.com/css/shThemeDefault.css"/>

<link title="RSS" type="application/rss+xml" rel="alternate" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/rss"/>

<link title="RSD" type="application/rsd+xml" rel="EditURI" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/rsd.xml"/>

<link type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" rel="wlwmanifest" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/rollenholt/wlwmanifest.xml"/>

< script >
</ script >

< script >
</ script >

< script >
</ script >

< script >
</ script >

< script >
</ script >

</ head >

< body >

< a >
</ a >

< form >

< div >

<input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="" />

 

 

parser over

点击打开原文链接