转自http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_534497fd01015k7z.html
opencv中常见的与图像操作有关的数据容器有Mat,cvMat和IplImage,这三种类型都可以代表和显示图像,但是,Mat类型侧重于计算,数学性较高,openCV对Mat类型的计算也进行了优化。而CvMat和IplImage类型更侧重于“图像”,opencv对其中的图像操作(缩放、单通道提取、图像阈值操作等)进行了优化。在opencv2.0之前,opencv是完全用C实现的,但是,IplImage类型与CvMat类型的关系类似于面向对象中的继承关系。实际上,CvMat之上还有一个更抽象的基类----CvArr,这在源代码中会常见。
1. IplImage
opencv中的图像信息头,该结构体定义:
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typedef struct_IplImage
{
intnSize;
intID;
intnChannels;
intalphaChannel;
intdepth;
charcolorModel[4];
charchannelSeq[4];
intdataOrder;
intorigin;
intalign;
intwidth;
intheight;
struct_IplROI *roi;
struct_IplImage *maskROI;
void*imageId;
struct_IplTileInfo *tileInfo;
intimageSize;
char*imageData;
intwidthStep;
intBorderMode[4];
intBorderConst[4];
char*imageDataOrigin;
} IplImage;
dataOrder中的两个取值:交叉存取颜色通道是颜色数据排列将会是BGRBGR...的交错排列。分开的颜色通道是有几个颜色通道就分几个颜色平面存储。roi是IplROI结构体,该结构体包含了xOffset,yOffset,height,width,coi成员变量,其中xOffset,yOffset是x,y坐标,coi代表channel of interest(感兴趣的通道),非0的时候才有效。访问图像中的数据元素,分间接存储和直接存储,当图像元素为浮点型时,(uchar *) 改为 (float *):
IplImage* img=cvLoadImage("lena.jpg", 1);
CvScalar s;
s=cvGet2D(img,i,j);
cvSet2D(img,i,j,s);
IplImage* img; //malloc memory by cvLoadImage or cvCreateImage
for(introw = 0; row < img->height; row++)
{
for(intcol = 0; col < img->width; col++)
{
b = CV_IMAGE_ELEM(img, UCHAR, row, col * img->nChannels + 0);
g = CV_IMAGE_ELEM(img, UCHAR, row, col * img->nChannels + 1);
r = CV_IMAGE_ELEM(img, UCHAR, row, col * img->nChannels + 2);
}
}
IplImage* img; //malloc memory by cvLoadImage or cvCreateImage
uchar b, g, r; //3 channels
for(introw = 0; row < img->height; row++)
{
for(intcol = 0; col < img->width; col++)
{
b = ((uchar *)(img->imageData + row * img->widthStep))[col * img->nChannels + 0];
g = ((uchar *)(img->imageData + row * img->widthStep))[col * img->nChannels + 1];
r = ((uchar *)(img->imageData + row * img->widthStep))[col * img->nChannels + 2];
}
}
初始化使用IplImage *,是一个指向结构体IplImage的指针:
IplImage * cvLoadImage(constchar* filename, int//load images from specified image
IplImage * cvCreateImage(CvSize size, intdepth, intchannels); //allocate memory
2.CvMat
首先,我们需要知道,第一,在OpenCV中没有向量(vector)结构。任何时候需要向量,都只需要一个列矩阵(如果需要一个转置或者共轭向量,则需要一个行矩阵)。第二,OpenCV矩阵的概念与我们在线性代数课上学习的概念相比,更抽象,尤其是矩阵的元素,并非只能取简单的数值类型,可以是多通道的值。CvMat 的结构:
typedef structCvMat
{
inttype;
intstep;
int* refcount;
union {
uchar* ptr;
short* s;
int* i;
float* fl;
double* db;
} data;
union {
introws;
intheight;
};
union {
intcols;
intwidth;
};
} CvMat;
创建CvMat数据:
View Code
CvMat * cvCreateMat(introws, intcols, inttype);
CV_INLine CvMat cvMat((introws, intcols, inttype, void* data CV_DEFAULT);
CvMat * cvInitMatHeader(CvMat * mat, introws, intcols, inttype, void* data CV_DEFAULT(NULL), intstep CV_DEFAULT(CV_AUTOSTEP));
对矩阵数据进行访问:
cvmSet( CvMat* mat, introw, intcol, doublevalue);
cvmGet( constCvMat* mat, introw, intcol );
CvScalar cvGet2D(constCvArr * arr, intidx0, intidx1); //CvArr只作为函数的形参void cvSet2D(CvArr* arr, int idx0, int idx1, CvScalar value);
CvMat * cvmat = cvCreateMat(4, 4, CV_32FC1);
cvmat->data.fl[row * cvmat->cols + col] = (float)3.0;
CvMat * cvmat = cvCreateMat(4, 4, CV_64FC1);
cvmat->data.db[row * cvmat->cols + col] = 3.0;CvMat * cvmat = cvCreateMat(4, 4, CV_64FC1);
CV_MAT_ELEM(*cvmat, double, row, col) = 3.0; if(CV_MAT_DEPTH(cvmat->type) == CV_32F)
CV_MAT_ELEM_CN(*cvmat, float, row, col * CV_MAT_CN(cvmat->type) + ch) = (float)3.0; //ch为通道值
if(CV_MAT_DEPTH(cvmat->type) == CV_64F)
CV_MAT_ELEM_CN(*cvmat, double, row, col * CV_MAT_CN(cvmat->type) + ch) = 3.0; //ch为通道值
for(introw = 0; row < cvmat->rows; row++)
{
p = cvmat ->data.fl + row * (cvmat->step / 4);
for(intcol = 0; col < cvmat->cols; col++)
{
*p = (float) row + col;
*(p+1) = (float)row + col + 1;
*(p+2) = (float)row + col + 2;
p += 3;
}
}
CvMat * vector = cvCreateMat(1,3, CV_32SC2);CV_MAT_ELEM(*vector, CvPoint, 0, 0) = cvPoint(100,100);
CvMat * vector = cvCreateMat(1,3, CV_64FC4);CV_MAT_ELEM(*vector, CvScalar, 0, 0) = CvScalar(0, 0, 0, 0);
CvMat* M1 = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
CvMat* M2;
M2=cvCloneMat(M1);
3.Mat
Mat是opencv2.0推出的处理图像的新的数据结构,现在越来越有趋势取代之前的cvMat和lplImage,相比之下Mat最大的好处就是能够更加方便的进行内存管理,不再需要程序员手动管理内存的释放。opencv2.3中提到Mat是一个多维的密集数据数组,可以用来处理向量和矩阵、图像、直方图等等常见的多维数据。
classCV_EXPORTS Mat
{
public:
intflags;(Note :目前还不知道flags做什么用的)
intdims;
introws,cols;
uchar *data;
int* refcount;
...
};
从以上结构体可以看出Mat也是一个矩阵头,默认不分配内存,只是指向一块内存(注意读写保护)。初始化使用create函数或者Mat构造函数,以下整理自opencv2.3.1 Manual:
Mat(nrows, ncols, type, fillValue]);
M.create(nrows, ncols, type);例子:
Mat M(7,7,CV_32FC2,Scalar(1,3));
M.create(100, 60, CV_8UC(15));
intsz[] = {100, 100, 100};
Mat bigCube(3, sz, CV_8U, Scalar:all(0));
doublem[3][3] = {{a, b, c}, {d, e, f}, {g, h, i}};
Mat M = Mat(3, 3, CV_64F, m).inv();
Mat img(Size(320,240),CV_8UC3);
Mat img(height, width, CV_8UC3, pixels, step);
IplImage* img = cvLoadImage("greatwave.jpg", 1);
Mat mtx(img,0); //convert IplImage* -> Mat;
访问Mat的数据元素:
Mat M;
M.row(3) = M.row(3) + M.row(5) * 3;
Mat M1 = M.col(1);
M.col(7).copyTo(M1);
Mat M;
M.at<double>(i,j);
M.at(uchar)(i,j);
Vec3i bgr1 = M.at(Vec3b)(i,j)
Vec3s bgr2 = M.at(Vec3s)(i,j)
Vec3w bgr3 = M.at(Vec3w)(i,j)
doublesum = 0.0f;
for(introw = 0; row < M.rows; row++)
{
constdouble* Mi = M.ptr<double>(row);
for(intcol = 0; col < M.cols; col++)
sum += std::max(Mi[j], 0.);
}
doublesum=0;
MatConstIterator<double> it = M.begin<double>(), it_end = M.end<double>();
for(; it != it_end; ++it)
sum += std::max(*it, 0.);
Mat可进行Matlab风格的矩阵操作,如初始化的时候可以用initializers,zeros(), ones(), eye(). 除以上内容之外,Mat还有有3个重要的方法:
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Mat mat = imread(constString* filename); //读取图像
imshow(conststringframeName, InputArray mat); //显示图像
imwrite (conststring& filename, InputArray img); //储存图像
4. CvMat, Mat, IplImage之间的互相转换
IpIImage -> CvMat
CvMat matheader;
CvMat * mat = cvGetMat(img, &matheader);
CvMat * mat = cvCreateMat(img->height, img->width, CV_64FC3);
cvConvert(img, mat)
IplImage -> Mat
Mat::Mat(constIplImage* img, boolcopyData=false);
例子:
IplImage* iplImg = cvLoadImage("greatwave.jpg", 1);
Mat mtx(iplImg);
Mat -> IplImage
Mat M
IplImage iplimage = M;
CvMat -> Mat
Mat::Mat(constCvMat* m, boolcopyData=false);
Mat -> CvMat
例子(假设Mat类型的imgMat图像数据存在):
CvMat cvMat = imgMat;/*Mat -> CvMat, 类似转换到IplImage,不复制数据只创建矩阵头